Vietnamização

O presidente americano Richard M. Nixon cumprimentando oficiais do exército sul vietnamita.

Vietnamização foi uma política da administração do presidente dos Estados Unidos, Richard Nixon, como resultado da Ofensiva do Tet, para "ampliar, equipar e treinar as forças do Vietnã do Sul e atribuir-lhes cada vez mais um papel de combate, ao mesmo tempo com uma redução gradual do número de tropas de combate dos EUA".[1] Isto se referia às tropas de combate norte-americanas especificamente no papel de combate terrestre, mas não rejeitava o combate pelas forças aéreas norte-americanas, bem como o apoio ao Vietnã do Sul, em consonância com as políticas de organizações estrangeiras de assistência militar aos EUA. A desconfiança do governo que havia começado após a Ofensiva do Tet e piorou com a divulgação de notícias sobre soldados norte-americanos massacrando civis em My Lai (1969), a invasão do Camboja (1970) e o vazamento dos Pentagon Papers (1971).

Após a eleição de Nixon em 1968, tornou-se a política dos Estados Unidos. Embora tenha sido uma política deliberada, seu nome foi bastante acidental. Numa reunião em 28 de janeiro de 1969, do Conselho de Segurança Nacional, o Gen. Andrew Goodpaster, o deputado Gen. Creighton Abrams, o comandante do Comando de Militar Assistência do Vietnã, afirmou que o Exército da República do Vietnam tinha vindo a melhorar, e o ponto em que a guerra poderia ser "desamericanizada" estava próximo. Melvin Laird, o secretário de Defesa, concordou com o ponto, mas não com a linguagem: "O que precisamos é de um termo como 'Vietnamização" para colocar em ênfase as questões certas." Nixon gostou imediatamente da palavra de Laird.[2]

A Vietnamização se encaixa na política mais ampla da distensão da Administração Nixon, em que os Estados Unidos deixaram de considerar entre suas estratégias fundamentais como a contenção do comunismo, mas uma ordem mundial de cooperação em que Nixon e seu chefe conselheiro Henry Kissinger eram basicamente os "realistas" nos assuntos mundiais, interessados na mais ampla constelação de forças e as maiores potências.[3] Nixon tinha ordenado a Kissinger que negociasse política básica entre os chefes de Estado EUA-URSS via Henry Kissinger e Dobrynin, com os acordos em seguida, transferidos para os diplomatas para a implementação. Da mesma forma, Nixon abriu contacto de alto nível com a China. As relações dos EUA com a União Soviética e a China eram vistos por muito como mais importante que o destino do Vietnã do Sul, o que certamente não exclui o Vietnã do Sul de manter a sua própria independência.

Nixon afirmou que a vietnamização teve dois componentes. O primeiro foi o "fortalecimento da força armada do Vietnã do Sul em números, equipamento, liderança e habilidades de combate. O segundo componente foi a extensão do programa de pacificação no Vietnã do Sul". O primeiro era possível, mas levaria tempo.[4]

Referências

  1. United States Department of Defense, «Melvin R. Laird (January 22, 1969 - January 29, 1973)», Secretaries of Defense 
  2. Henry Kissinger (2003), Ending the Vietnam War: a History of America's involvement and extrication from the Vietnam War, Simon & Schuster , pp. 81-82
  3. Burr, William, ed. (2 de novembro de 2007), Kissinger conspired with Soviet Ambassador to keep Secretary of State in the Dark, George Washington University National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 233 
  4. Palmer, Dave R. (1978), Summons of the Trumpet, Presidio Press , pp. 219-220

Read other articles:

  كايآني (بالفنلندية: Kajaani)‏    كايآني تاريخ التأسيس 1651  تقسيم إداري البلد فنلندا  [1][2] عاصمة لـ كاينو  التقسيم الأعلى كاينو  خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 64°13′30″N 27°44′00″E / 64.225°N 27.733333333333°E / 64.225; 27.733333333333  المساحة 2264.01 كيلومتر مربع2263.82 كيلومت

 

Kulturbahnhof Langendreer, Bochum Das Kulturzentrum Bahnhof-Langendreer ist ein überregional bekanntes soziokulturelles Zentrum im Ruhrgebiet. Es befindet sich im Bochumer Stadtteil Langendreer im ehemaligen Empfangsgebäude des dortigen Bahnhofs. 1907 bis 1908 wurde der Bau im modifizierten Jugendstil nach den Plänen des Architekten Schlomeyer als Ersatz zweier alter Bahnhofsgebäude errichtet. 1984 hatte er ausgedient und wurde aufgelassen. Der Abriss konnte durch eine Bürgerinitiative v...

 

Domínio da Mata Atlântica, segundo o WWF. No domínio da Mata Atlântica existem 131 unidades de conservação federais, 443 estaduais, 14 municipais e 124 privadas, distribuídas por dezesseis estados, com exceção de Goiás, no Brasil. O domínio da Mata Atlântica é provavelmente a região com o maior número de unidades de conservação na América Latina, entretanto, esses números grandiosos não são suficientes, visto que o sistema está longe de ser adequado: ainda assim, as áre...

2020 Saudi Arabian filmMasameer: The MovieTheatrical release posterDirected byMalik NejerScreenplay byMalik NejerAbdulaziz AlmuzainiBased onMasameer by Faisal Al-Amer & Malik NejeremProduced byAbdulaziz AlmuzainiEdited byMalik NejerMusic bySaleh HadadProductioncompanyMyrkott Animation StudioDistributed byVox Cinemas (theathers)NetflixRelease datesJanuary 9, 2020 (Arab Territories)March 19, 2020 (Netflix)[1]Running time110 minutesCountrySaudi ArabiaLanguageArabic Masameer: The Movi...

 

2013 American filmAin't Them Bodies SaintsTheatrical release posterDirected byDavid LoweryWritten byDavid LoweryProduced by Cassian Elwes Toby Halbrooks James M. Johnston Amy Kaufman Lars Knudsen Jay Van Hoy Starring Casey Affleck Rooney Mara Ben Foster Rami Malek Keith Carradine Charles Baker Nate Parker CinematographyBradford YoungEdited by Craig McKay Jane Rizzo Music byDaniel HartProductioncompanies Paradox Entertainment Parts and Labor The Weinstein Company Distributed byIFC FilmsRelease...

 

Graphical user interface for chess games XBoardGNU Chess 5.0.7 on XBoard 4.2.7Developer(s)GNU projectStable release4.9.1[1]  / 1 August 2016 Repositorygit.savannah.gnu.org/r/xboard.git Operating systemLinux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Microsoft Windows, macOSTypeComputer chessLicenseGPLWebsiteXBoard XBoard is a graphical user interface chessboard for chess engines under the X Window System. It is developed and maintained as free software by the GNU project. WinBoard is a port of X...

Place in Styria, SloveniaCurnovecCurnovecLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°7′41.01″N 15°20′28.01″E / 46.1280583°N 15.3411139°E / 46.1280583; 15.3411139Country SloveniaTraditional regionStyriaStatistical regionSavinjaMunicipalityLaškoArea • Total1.49 km2 (0.58 sq mi)Elevation485.4 m (1,592.5 ft)Population (2002) • Total38[1] Curnovec (pronounced [ˈtsuːɾnɔʋəts]) is a settlement in ...

 

Всесвітня Федерація Котів (англ. World Cat Federation, WCF) — об'єднання фелінологічних клубів. Створена в Ріо-де-Жанейро (Бразилія) у 1988 році трьома клубами любителів кішок; наразі штаб-квартира знаходиться в Ессені (Німеччина). Всесвітня федерація котів зареєстрована як європей...

 

Bagian dari seri tentangGereja KatolikBasilika Santo Petrus, Kota Vatikan Ikhtisar Paus (Fransiskus) Hierarki Sejarah (Lini Masa) Teologi Liturgi Sakramen Maria Latar Belakang Yesus Penyaliban Kebangkitan Kenaikan Gereja Perdana Petrus Paulus Bapa-Bapa Gereja Sejarah Gereja Katolik Sejarah Lembaga Kepausan Konsili Ekumene Magisterium Empat Ciri Gereja Satu Gereja Sejati Suksesi Apostolik Organisasi Takhta Suci Kuria Romawi Dewan Kardinal Konsili Ekumene Lembaga Keuskupan Gereja Latin Gereja-G...

The facial feedback hypothesis, rooted in the conjectures of Charles Darwin and William James, is that one's facial expression directly affects their emotional experience. Specifically, physiological activation of the facial regions associated with certain emotions holds a direct effect on the elicitation of such emotional states, and the lack of or inhibition of facial activation will result in the suppression (or absence altogether) of corresponding emotional states.[1] Variations o...

 

Indian filmHasinaDirected byGirish KasaravalliWritten byBhanu MustakProduced byIP MallegowdaStarringTaaraCountryIndiaLanguageKannada Hasina is a 2004 Kannada-language film by Girish Kasaravalli.The lead actress, Taara, won the National Film Award for Best Actress for her role as Hasina about the story of a Muslim Indian woman deserted by her husband.[1][2][3] Plot Tara (left) and Girish Kasaravalli (right), Director of the movie. The film, based on the story Kari Nagar...

 

Cerita Spesial DoraemonGenreKomedi MangaPengarangFujiko F. FujioPenerbitElex Media KomputindoVolume18  Portal anime dan manga Cerita Spesial Doraemon adalah salah satu dari edisi manga Doraemon karya Fujiko F. Fujio yang diterbitkan di Indonesia oleh Elex Media Komputindo. Edisi ini berisi penggolongan cerita berdasarkan suatu tema, contohnya tema purbakala dimuat dalam edisi 1: Dinosaurus. Sebenarnya komik ini hanya penjilidan ulang dari kisah Doraemon versi reguler edisi 1-45, tak ...

اتخذت العديد من التقاليد الدينية موقفا بشأنالإجهاض، وهذه المواقف تمتد على نطاق واسع كما هو مبين أدناه.[1][2] البوذية نصب تذكاري بوذي يشير للإجهاض، اليابان. ليس هناك رأي بوذي واحد يتعلق بالإجهاض.[3] بعض المصادر التقليدية، بما في ذلك بعض الرموز الرهبانية البوذية، ت...

 

English football club Football clubColchester Casuals Football ClubFull nameColchester Casuals Football ClubNickname(s)The CasualsFounded1883Dissolved1970GroundOld Heath Recreation Ground, ColchesterLeagueEssex and Suffolk Border Football League Colchester Casuals Football Club was an amateur football club based in Colchester, England. Colchester Casuals during the 1946–47 season. History Colchester Casuals Football Club history can be traced back to 1883, when the Casuals first appeared in...

 

1963 film by George Marshall This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Papa's Delicate Condition – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Papa's Delicate ConditionFilm poster by Jack RickardDirected byGeorge MarshallWritten byJac...

American TV series or program Mighty MedGenre Comedy Superhero[1] Created by Jim Bernstein Andy Schwartz Starring Bradley Steven Perry Jake Short Paris Berelc Devan Leos Augie Isaac Theme music composer Todd P. Andrew Douglas Starling Jones Christian Salyer Opening themeYou Never Know performed by Brandon Mychal Smith & Adam HicksEnding themeYou Never Know (instrumental)ComposerJamie DunlapCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes44 ...

 

Cornish fairy tale and legend For other uses, see Jack the Giant Killer (disambiguation). Jack the Giant KillerChapbook title pageFolk taleNameJack the Giant KillerCountryUnited KingdomPublished inEnglish Fairy TalesRelatedCornish folkloreWelsh mythologyNorse mythologyThe Herd-boy and the GiantThe Valiant Little Tailor Jack the Giant Killer is a Cornish fairy tale and legend about a young adult who slays a number of bad giants during King Arthur's reign. The tale is characterised by violence,...

 

Map showing old counties of Trinidad Blanchisseuse beach, Saint George Saint George is a county in Trinidad and Tobago. It occupies the northwestern portion of the island of Trinidad and is bounded by the Caribbean Sea to the north, the Gulf of Paria to the west, Caroni County to the south and Saint David County and Saint Andrew County to the east. It occupies an area of 912 km2 (352 sq mi). The county includes the Bocas Islands and the towns of Port of Spain and Arima. It also...

Persibabar Bangka BaratNama lengkapPersatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Bangka BaratJulukanAngin BaratBerdiri2003; 20 tahun lalu (2003)StadionStadion Bina JayaMuntok, Bangka BaratPemilikPemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bangka BaratKetuaUst. Zuhri M. SyazaliLigaLiga 3 Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Bangka Barat atau Persibabar adalah klub sepak bola amatir Indonesia yang berbasis di Kabupaten Bangka Barat, Bangka Belitung. Klub ini menjadi juara di Liga 3 2019 Bangka Beli...

 

Chrysler produces a number of automobile transmissions in-house. Semi-automatic 1941–1942 M4 Vacamatic — 4-speed (2-range manual control with automatic 2-speed shift vacuum operated) with clutch and fluid coupling (Fluid Drive); also known as Simplimatic, Powermatic 1946–1953 M5/M6 Presto-Matic — 4-speed (2 gear manual with electric overdrive) with clutch and fluid coupling (Fluid Drive) or torque converter (Fluid Torque Drive); also known as Tip-Toe Shift, Gyro-Matic,...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!