Pré-história da Suécia

Báltico e Escandinávia ca. 7 500 a.C.. À época havia ligações terrestres à Europa continental e parte da calota glaciar que cobriu a região ainda existia
Vaso de barro da Idade do Ferro na Gotlândia

A Pré-história da Suécia iniciou ca. 13 000 a.C. e terminou ca. 1050 d.C., ao fim da Era Viquingue. Em 12 000 a.C., os glaciares que cobriam Escandinávia começaram a recuar ao norte, deixando descoberta uma península ligada à Europa continental. Essa península abrangia o sul da atual Suécia, e estava limitada a norte pelo glaciar e a leste pelo mar Báltico, nessa altura um mar fechado e de água doce. A pouco e pouco, surgiu a primeira vegetação composta por líquens e plantas verdes sem raízes. Mais tarde apareceram ervas, arbustos e árvores. Entre os primeiros animais, atraídos pelos novos pastos, chegaram as renas.[1][2]

Os primeiros grupos nómadas de caçadores de renas atravessaram a ligação então existente entre a Europa continental e a Península da Escandinávia por volta de 11 000 a.C., estabelecendo-se na Escânia e na Halândia. Os vestígios mais antigos de presença humana na região foram encontrados no lago Fínia. Outros grupos nómadas chegaram por volta de 7 500 a.C. ao norte da Suécia, vindos da Finlândia e da costa atlântica da Noruega. Estes primeiros habitantes viviam da caça, da pesca e da recolha de plantas comestíveis.O clima era ártico.[3][4][5]

Entre 5 000 e 3 500 a.C., o clima ficou mais ameno, e chegaram o carvalho e as avelãs. A agricultura e a criação de gado começaram a ser as principais fontes de subsistência. Vasos cerâmicos e machados de pedra são típicos do período. A população local aumenta com a chegada de outras tribos continentais. Por volta de 1 500 a.C., objetos de pedra são sucessivamente substituídos pelo bronze. Os grandes glaciares continuam a recuar, e a terra firme continua a subir e as águas a baixar. Imagens gravadas na pedra mostram cerimónias religiosas, homens, animais, barcos.[5] Aproximadamente em 500-400 a.C. o clima piora, e os objetos de ferro passam a fazer parte do dia-a-dia das pessoas.[4] Os povos da Suécia haviam então estabelecido relações comerciais com os habitantes do continente, que só seriam interrompidas com a chegada dos celtas mil anos depois. Estabeleceram-se também relações comercias com os romanos entre 400 a.C. e 400 d.C., período em que durou a Idade do Ferro.

Períodos da Pré-história da Suécia

Este período costuma ser dividido em:

Ver também

Referências

  1. Melin 2006, p. 12-13.
  2. Kahnberg 1963, p. 8-9.
  3. a b c d e f Harrison 2002, p. 19.
  4. a b Hadenius 1996, p. 11.
  5. a b Isksson 1992, p. 11-26.
  6. Miranda 2007, p. 123.
  7. a b Kahnberg 1963, p. 38-42.
  8. Henrikson 1963, p. 51.

Bibliografia

  • Hadenius, Stig; Nilsson, Torbjörn; Åselius, Gunnar (1996). «Ett rike träder fram - 1520». Sveriges historia - Vad varje svensk bör veta (História da Suécia – O que todos os suecos devem saber) (em sueco). Estocolmo: Bonnier Alba. 447 páginas. ISBN 91-34-51784-7 
  • Harrison, Dick (2002). «Före historien». Sveriges historia medeltiden (em sueco). Estocolmo: Liber. 384 páginas. ISBN 91-47-05115-9 
  • Henrikson, Alf; Berg, Björn (1963). «Bråvalla slag». Svensk historia (em sueco). Estocolmo: Bonnier. ISBN 91-0-055344-1 
  • Isksson, Olov; Cohat, Yves (1992). «Upptakten till vikingatågen». Vikingatid (em sueco). Estocolmo: Bergh. 184 páginas. ISBN 91-502-1065-3 
  • Kahnberg, Alf; Lindeberg, Gösta (1963). «Forntiden». Genom tiderna (em sueco). Lunda: Gleerup. 369 páginas. LIBRIS-ID:1557880 
  • Melin, Jan; Johansson, Alf; Hedenborg, Susanna (2006). «Forntiden». Sveriges Historia. Koncentrerad uppslagsbok, fakta, årtal, kartor, tabeller (em sueco). Estocolmo: Prisma. ISBN 9789151846668 
  • Miranda, Ulrika Junker; Hallberg, Anne (2007). «Bronsåldern». Bonniers uppslagsbok (em sueco). Estocolmo: Albert Bonniers Förlag. 1143 páginas. ISBN 91-0-011462-6 

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