Guerra Hispano-Marroquina (1859–1860)

Guerra Hispano-Marroquina

A batalha de Tetuão, de Marià Fortuny, óleo sobre tela (MNAC)
Data 22 de outubro de 1859 a 26 de abril de 1860
Local Norte de Marrocos
Desfecho Vitória espanhola
Tratado de Wad-Ras:
Beligerantes
 Espanha  Marrocos
Comandantes
Espanha Isabel II
Espanha Leopoldo O'Donnell
Espanha Juan Zavala
Espanha Juan Prim y Prats
Marrocos Maomé IV
Forças
45 000 entre 35 000 e 45 000
Baixas
4 040 mortos[1] (1152 em combate e 2 888 de doença)
4 994 feridos
6 000 mortos
Infantaria espanhola durante a guerra, por José Benlliure

A Guerra Hispano-Marroquina, também conhecida como a Guerra Espanhola-Marroquina, Primeira Guerra Marroquina,Guerra de Tetuão, ou, na Espanha, Guerra de África, foi travada a partir da declaração de guerra da Espanha a Marrocos em 22 de outubro de 1859 até ao Tratado de Wad-Ras, assinado em 26 de abril de 1860. Começou com um conflito sobre as fronteiras da cidade espanhola de Ceuta e foi travada no norte de Marrocos. Marrocos pediu a paz depois da vitória espanhola na Batalha de Tetuão.

Antecedentes

Ao longo do século XIX, Marrocos sofreu derrotas militares frente a potências europeias, nomeadamente na Guerra Franco-Marroquina de 1844. Em 1856, os britânicos conseguiram pressionar Marrocos a assinar o Tratado Anglo-Marroquino de 1856, que impunha limitações às obrigações das alfândegas marroquinas e pôs fim aos monopólios reais.

Curso da guerra

O casus belli para a Espanha foram os ataques implacáveis ​​de membros de tribos berberes aos acampamentos espanhóis no Norte da África. Na sequência de negociações infrutíferas com o sultão Abderramão vis-à-vis as reparações (o sultão, incapaz de controlar os cabilas, na verdade morreu durante as negociações e foi substituído pelo seu irmão Maomé IV), uma declaração de guerra impulsionada por Leopoldo O'Donnell foi unanimemente aprovada pelo Congresso dos Deputados em 22 de outubro de 1859.[2]

Os espanhóis chegaram a Tetuão em 3 de fevereiro de 1860. Eles bombardearam a cidade nos dois dias seguintes, o que permitiu que o caos reinasse livre. Tribos rifenhas invadiram a cidade e saquearam-na (principalmente nos bairros judeus). O historiador marroquino Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri descreveu o saque durante o bombardeio:

Um tumulto irrompeu na cidade, […] a mão da multidão estendeu-se para saquear, e até pessoas [normais] tiraram o manto da decência […] Pessoas do Jabal, e os Árabes, e a ralé começaram a pilhar e a roubar; eles arrombaram as portas das casas e das lojas […] mantendo-se nisso a noite inteira até de manhã

Em 5 de fevereiro, os espanhóis entraram na cidade, terminando a batalha e a guerra.

Rescaldo

A Paz de Wad-Ras, por Joaquín Domínguez Bécquer (1870)

Após um armistício de 32 dias,[3] o Tratado de Wad-Ras ou Paz de Tetuão foi assinado em 26 de abril de 1860. O tratado contemplava a extensão da perpetuidade da presença Espanhola em Ceuta e Melilha, o fim dos ataques tribais àquelas cidades, o reconhecimento por Marrocos da soberania espanhola sobre as ilhas Chafarinas, a retrocessão do território de Santa Cruz de Mar Pequeña (um território de localização incerta na época, depois Sidi Ifni) para a Espanha, a fim de estabelecer um posto de pesca, o permissão a missionários para estabelecer uma igreja Cristã em Tetuão, e administração Espanhola sobre a cidade até que as reparações de 20 000 000 de pesetas fossem pagas.[4]

Assim que Marrocos pagou a compensação (parcialmente por meio de dinheiro emprestado pelos britânicos), O'Donnell retirou as suas tropas de Tetuão.[5]

Referências

Fontes

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