Ácido oxálico

Ácido oxálico
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Nome IUPAC Ácido etanodioico
Outros nomes Ácido oxálico
Identificadores
Número CAS 144-62-7
SMILES
Propriedades
Fórmula molecular C2H2O4 (anidro)
C2H2O4·2H2O (diidratado)
Massa molar 90.03 g/mol (anidro)
126.07 g/mol (diidratado)
Aparência cristais brancos
Densidade 1.90 g/cm³ (anidro)
1.653 g/cm³ (diidratado)
Ponto de fusão

101-102 °C (diidratado)

Solubilidade em água 9.5 g/100 mL (15 °C)
14.3 g /100 mL (25 °C?)
120 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Riscos associados
MSDS External MSDS
NFPA 704
1
3
0
 
Ponto de fulgor 166 °C
Compostos relacionados
Outros aniões/ânions Cloreto de oxalila
Oxamida (amida do ácido oxálico)
Ácidos dicarboxílicos relacionados Ácido malônico (C3)
Compostos relacionados Ácido glicólico (hidroxiacético)
Oxalato dissódico
Oxalato de cálcio
Éster de fenil oxalato
Oxalato de dimetila
Oxalato de dietila
Página de dados suplementares
Estrutura e propriedades n, εr, etc.
Dados termodinâmicos Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Dados espectrais UV, IV, RMN, EM
Exceto onde denotado, os dados referem-se a
materiais sob condições normais de temperatura e pressão

Referências e avisos gerais sobre esta caixa.
Alerta sobre risco à saúde.

O ácido oxálico ou ácido etanodióico é um ácido (mais precisamente um ácido dicarboxílico) de fórmula molecular H2C2O4 ou, mais precisamente, HO2CCO2H. É um ácido orgânico saturado, de cadeia normal e relativamente forte, sendo 10.000 vezes mais forte que o ácido acético. Comercialmente, a forma mais usual é a diidratada, de fórmula molecular C2H2O4·2H2O.

Propriedades

Físicas

* Sabor ácido
* Sólido cristalino e incolor. Sublima a 150 °C. Densidade = 1,653 g/cm3
* Parcialmente solúvel em água, etanol e outros solventes.

Químicas

* Em solução aquosa libera 2 cátions ( 2 H+ ), por molécula.
* Grau de ionização: 60%
* Fortemente ácido e muito venenoso.
* Reage violentamente com agentes oxidantes fortes.
* Desidrata-se, intramolecularmente, em meio ácido:
Ácido oxálico → CO + CO2 + H2O
* Reage com bases formando oxalatos:
HCOO - COOH + 2 NaOH → 2 H2O + [Na][COO - COO][Na] (oxalato de sódio)
* Em solução aquosa é sensível à luz e ao ar, formando gás carbônico

Ocorrência

É encontrado nas plantas do gênero Oxalis. O ácido oxálico pode ser encontrado também no espinafre, no tomate, no inhame, na carambola e outros vegetais. Em relação à carambola, o ácido oxálico ocorre em grande quantidade e é o grande responsável pelo efeito tóxico desta fruta em pacientes com disfunções renais. [1]

Obtenção

  • Industrialmente, é obtido a partir do metanoato de sódio, em duas etapas:
2 metanoato de sódio a 400 °C → Oxalato de sódio + H2
Oxalato de sódio + H2SO4 → Ácido oxálico + Na2SO4

Equações:

2 H - COONa → NaOOC - COONa + H2
NaOOC - COONa + H2SO4 → HOOC - COOH + Na2SO4

Aplicações

* Produto anti-tártaro.
* Eliminação de ferrugem em metais, mármores e outras pedras.
* Fixação de corantes em tecidos ( mordente )
* Obtenção de corantes
* Fabricação de tintas de escrever
* Branqueamento e curtição industrial de couros.
* Branqueamento de texteis, papeis, cortiça e palha.
* Produção de oxalatos.

Curiosidades

* O nome usual ácido oxálico vem do gênero de plantas de onde foi isolado pela primeira vez (Oxalis).
* É conhecido no meio náutico como Sal Azedo e é usado para limpeza do Gel Coat dos barcos.
* Concentrações elevadas de íons de metais pesados ( Al, Hg, Pb e Cd ) intoxicam as plantas, evitando o seu crescimento. As raizes de uma planta chinesa, denominada fagópiro, quando exposta a concentrações de alumínio segrega o ácido oxálico, que combina-se com os íons de alumínio formando um complexo que não inibe o crescimento.
* Diminui a absorção de cálcio

Ligações externas

Referências

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