Umami

Tomato masak padat dengan komponen-komponen memberikan rasa umami.

Umami (旨味), rasa berlauk, gurih[1] atau savori (bahasa Inggeris: savouriness[2][3][4][5][6]) merupakan satu daripada lima rasa asas selain rasa-rasa manis, masam, pahit, dan masin; rasa ini berkait kuat dengan bahan makanan yang berdaging atau bersup.[7][4]

Peristilahan

Kikunae Ikeda, saintis pertama menemukan konsep umami

Ia serapan bahasa Jepun umami (うま味) yang bermaksud "rasa sedap"[8] menggabungkan perkataan umai (うまい) "lazat" dan mi (味) "rasa"; bentuk kanji 旨味 digunakan untuk maksud yang lebih am, apabila sesuatu makanan itu "sedap".

Kefahaman yang merangkumi kata ini mula muncul tahun 1908 diciptakan Profesor Kikunae Ikeda,[9][10] seorang ahli kimia dari Universiti Imperial Tokyo[11][12] dalam penulisan mengenai penemuan glutamat sebagai penyumbang utama rasa lazat kaldu yang dihasilkan daripada rumpai laut atau kombu; beliau memerhatikan bahawa rasa kombu dashi berbeza daripada rasa manis, masam, pahit dan masin, serta menamakan rasa tersebut umami.[13]

Tidak lama kemudian, seorang pengikut beliau, Shintaro Kodama, membuat penemuan pada tahun 1913 bahawa kepingan ikan aya kering mengandungi satu lagi sebatian umami.[14]

Ciri rasa

Umami mempunyai rasa sederhana tetapi mengesan berpanjangan yang sukar dijelaskan: ia mencetuskan peliuran dan suatu sensasi berbulu pada lidah yang merangsangkan tekak, lelangit dan belakang mulut.[15] Umami sendirinya tidak dapat dirasa mahupun dimakan, tetapi ia menjadikan pelbagai makanan enak terutamanya dengan haruman yang sepadan.[16] Rasa ini hanya enak dalam julat kepekatan yang kecilT seperti rasa-rasa asas yang lain, melainkan sukrosa.[17]

Rasa optimum umami juga bergantung pada jumlah garam: makanan rendah kandungan garam yang boleh mengekalkan rasa yang memuaskan dengan jumlah umami yang sesuai.[18] Pada hakikatnya, Roinien et al. (1999) menunjukkan bahawa kadar kesedapan, keamatan rasa dan kemasinan ideal bagi sup yang mengandungi kandungan garam yang rendah adalah lebih enak apabila sup tersebut mengandungi umami, manakala sup-sup yang mengandungi kandungan garam yang rendah tanpa umami kurang enak rasanya. [19]

Sesetengah golongan seperti warga tua boleh mendapat manfaat daripada rasa umami kerana kepekaan rasa dan bau mereka telah berkurangan akibat usia serta pengambilan pelbagai jenis ubat-ubatan. Kehilangan deria rasa dan bau boleh menyebabkan status pemakanan yang kurang baik, justeru ia akan menambahkan risiko penyakit.[20]

Rujukan

  1. ^ "'gurih'". Kamus Dewan (ed. keempat). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia Malaysia – melalui Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu.
  2. ^ "What is umami?". The Umami Information Center. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-07-26. Dicapai pada 2012-03-09. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (bantuan)
  3. ^ "You say savory, I say umami".
  4. ^ a b Blake, Heidi (9 February 2010). "Umami in a tube: 'fifth taste' goes on sale in supermarkets". The Daily Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. Dicapai pada 10 February 2011.
  5. ^ "Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary". Cambridge University Press. Dicapai pada 1 January 2011.
  6. ^ "Merriam-Webster English Dictionary". Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Dicapai pada 1 January 2011.
  7. ^ Fleming, Amy (9 April 2013). "Umami: why the fifth taste is so important". The Guardian, London, UK. Dicapai pada 18 February 2017.
  8. ^ Jim Breen. "Kemasukan EDICT untuk umami". Dapatan Kembali 31 Disember 2010.
  9. ^ Ikeda K (November 2002). "New seasonings". Chemical Senses. 27 (9): 847–49. doi:10.1093/chemse/27.9.847. PMID 12438213. (partial translation of Ikeda K (1909). "New Seasonings[japan.]". Journal of the Chemical Society of Tokyo. 30: 820–36.)
  10. ^ Nakamura E (July 2011). "One hundred years since the discovery of the "umami" taste from seaweed broth by Kikunae Ikeda, who transcended his time". Chemistry: An Asian Journal. 6 (7): 1659–63. doi:10.1002/asia.201000899. PMID 21472994.
  11. ^ "うま味 (umami)". Japan Society of Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Dicapai pada 5 June 2017.
  12. ^ "What is umami?". Columbia University Press. Dicapai pada 5 June 2017.
  13. ^ Kean S (Fall 2015). "The science of satisfaction". Distillations Magazine. 1 (3): 5. Dicapai pada 22 March 2018.
  14. ^ Kodama S (1913). "On a procedure for separating inosinic acid". Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan. 34: 751.
  15. ^ Yamaguchi S (1998). "Basic properties of umami and its effects on food flavor". Food Reviews International. 14 (2&3): 139–76. doi:10.1080/87559129809541156.
  16. ^ Edmund Rolls (September 2009). "Pengimejan neuro fungsian rasa umami: apakah yang menjadikan umami enak?". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90(tambahan): 804S–813S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462R..PMID 19571217.
  17. ^ Yamaguchi S (1998). "Basic properties of umami and its effects on food flavor". Food Reviews International. 14 (2&3): 139–76. doi:10.1080/87559129809541156.
  18. ^ Yamaguchi S, Takahashi; Takahashi, Chikahito (1984). "Interactions of monosodium glutamate and sodium chloride on saltiness and palatability of a clear soup". Journal of Food Science. 49: 82–85. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb13675.x.
  19. ^ Roininen K, Lahteenmaki K, Tuorila H (September 1996). "Kesan rasa umami terhadap keenakan sup dengan kandungan garam yang rendah sewaktu ujian yang berulangan". Physiology & Behavior 60(3): 953–958.PMID 8873274.
  20. ^ Yamamoto S, Tomoe M, Toyama K, Kawai M, Uneyama H (September 2009). "Can dietary supplementation of monosodium glutamate improve the health of the elderly?". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 90 (3): 844S–49S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462X. PMID 19571225.

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