Sekunde

Punkts iedegas vienu reizi sekundē

Sekunde (simbols: s, dažreiz sek.) ir Starptautiskās mērvienību sistēmas (SI) laika pamatmērvienība. Sākotnēji tā tika definēta kā 1/86 400 no vidējā Saules diennakts garuma. 1967. gadā Starptautiskā Mēru un svaru komiteja pieņēma, ka sekunde ir vienāda ar 1/31 556 925, 9747 no tropiskā 1900. gada ilguma, kas atbilst cēzija izotopa 133Cs izstarotā mikroviļņa 9 192 631 770 svārstību periodu kopējam ilgumam, notiekot pārejai starp diviem atoma pamatstāvokļa hipersīkstruktūras līmeņiem. Sekunžu skaitu nosaka pēc pulksteņiem.

Sekundes vēsturiskā definīcija ir saistīta ar diennakts garumu. Diennaktī ir 24 stundas, stundā — 60 minūtes, bet minūtē — 60 sekundes. Viena sekunde ir 186 400 daļa no dienas. Pašreizējā sekundes definīcija, kas saistīta ar cēzija izotopu 133Cs, ir spēkā kopš 1967. gada. [1]

SI daudzkārtņi

Visbiežāk izmantotie sekundes daudzkārtņi ir milisekunde (ms), mikrosekunde (μs) un nanosekunde (ns). Izmanto arī citus daudzkārtņus, piemēram, kilosekunde (ks), bet tas notiek ļoti reti. Tā vietā izmanto minūtes, stundas, dienas un gadus.

Biežāk izmantotie daudzkārtņi
  • milisekunde — 10-3 s (ms)
  • mikrosekunde — 10-6 s (μs)
  • nanosekunde — 10-9 s (ns)

Sakarības ar citām laika mērvienībām

Laika mērvienības
Sekunde (s) Minūte (min) Stunda (h) Diennakts
1 s = 1 ~= 0,016667 ~= 2,7778×10-4 ~= 1,1574×10-5
1 min = 60 = 1 ~= 0,016667 ~= 6,9444×10-4
1 h = 3600 = 60 = 1 ~= 0,041667
1 diena = 86400 = 1440 = 24 = 1

Atvasinātās mērvienības

Sekunde ir daudzumu fizikālu lielumu mērvienību pamatā, piemēram, ātruma pamatmērvienība ir metrs sekundē (m/s), spēku mēra ņūtonos (N), kas ir kilograms×metrs/sekundē ik sekundi (kg×m/s²), jaudu mēra vatos (W), kas ir džouls sekundē (J/s), un tā tālāk.

Atvasinātās mērvienības, kurās daļa no tās ir sekunde
Mērvienība Izteikta SI pamatvienībās Fizikālais lielums
metrs sekundē m/s ātrums
metrs sekundē ik sekundi m/s2 paātrinājums
hercs 1/s jeb s−1 frekvence
radiāns sekundē rad/s leņķiskais ātrums
radiāns sekundē ik sekundi rad/s2 leņķiskais paātrinājums
kilogrammetrs sekundē kg×m/s impulss (kustības daudzums)
ņūtons kg×m/s2 spēks
ņūtons uz kubikmetru kg/(m2×s) īpatnējais svars
paskāls kg/(m×s) spiediens
džouls kg×m2/s2 enerģija, darbs
vats kg×m2/s3 jauda
ņūtons uz metru kg/s2 virsmas spraigums
paskālsekunde kg/(m×s) dinamiskā viskozitāte
kvadrātmetrs sekundē m2/s kinemātiskā viskozitāte
kulons A×s elektriskais lādiņš
volts kg×m2/(A×s3) elektriskais spriegums, elektriskais potenciāls, elektrodzinējspēks
farads A2×s4/(kg×m2) elektriskā kapacitāte
vēbers kg×m2/(A×s2) magnētiskā plūsma
tesla kg/(A×s2) magnētiskā indukcija
henrijs kg×m2/(A2×s2) induktivitāte

Atsauces

  1. V. Fļorovs, I. Kolangs, P. Puķītis, E. Šilters, E. Vainovskis. Fizikas rokasgrāmata. Zvaigzne, 1985. 15. lpp.

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