Ursicinus

Ursicinus (floruit 350/360) imperante Constantio II fuit magister equitum per Orientem et bellis Persicis interfuit. De militia eius per rerum gestarum scriptorem Ammianum Marcellinum certiores fimus qui in eius comitatu militabat et eum multum amabat.

De militia

In oriente apud Constantium Gallum

Ineunte parte servata Rerum gestarum Ursicinum limitem Orientalem adversus Persas Nisibi tuentem videmus, unde anno 354 Antiochiam revocatur a Caesare Constantio Gallo Orientem tum regente, ut iudiciis capitalibus velut iudex praesideret. Ursicinus qui miles, non aulicus assentatorum insidiis adsuetus erat, recalcitrans et invitus hoc munus suscepisse dicitur[1]. Certe Ammianus invidia illorum capitalium iudiciorum amicum purgare conatur dum culpam in Galli ferociam reicit. Mox exeunte anno Constantius Augustus iratus Gallum poenali morte adficit.

In Occidente

Ipse Ursicinus tum a cubiculario Eusebio et magistro equitum per Occidentem Arbitione apud Constantium II accusabatur quod altiora meditaretur[2] . Imperatori suadebant ne tam potentem et popularem hominem solus in Oriente relinquereturː statim itaque ad comitatum imperatorium revocatur et laesae maiestatis insimulatur Ursicinus[3], de cuius caede occulta sine iudicio cogitasse dicitur Constantius[4] antequam ad clementiam resipiscentiamque rursus sese verteret[5], dilata deliberatione. Cum autem magister peditum per Gallias Silvanus, origine Francus, ad extrema vanis accusationibus compulsus, die 11 Augusti 355 purpuram Coloniae Agrippinae vestivit, Constantius usurpatoris opprimendi causa ad Ursicinum decurrere constituit velut ad "magnum commilitonem"[6], non sine suspicione tamen, si res aliter vertisset, morte eius non minus quam Silvani se gavisurum fuisse[7]. Ita Ursicinus, successor Silvano designatus, cum decem comitibus - inter quos numerandus historicus Ammianus Marcellinus- et blandis litteris - fingebat enim Constantius usurpationem ignorare - Coloniam magnis itineribus contendere iussus tamquam amicus et infortunii comes a Silvano benigne accipitur quem tamen per insidias et corruptos milites interfici iubet, ita usurpationi finem imponens. Salutem quidem, non multam gratiam ex eo beneficio ab imperatore rettulit[8]. Nam aliquamdiu postea in Gallia mansit, Silvani successori Marcello et Caesari Iuliano securitatem et integritatem provinciarum restituenti morem gerens[9].

Rursus in eois partibus

Anno 358 Ursicinus iterum magister equitum per Orientem limitem Persicam Samosatae tuetur[10]. Tum Constantius II successorem Sabinianum, virum Christianum, ei mittit atque Ursicinum convocat, in altissimam dignitatem eum promoturus, magisterium peditum praesentale[11]. At cum Persae iam minaces fierent bellumque immineret, mutata principis sententia, antequam Sirmium pervenirent acceptis in itinere litteris, cum in Thracia versarentur, Ursicinus et Ammianus in Orientem statim redire iubentur. Summus militiae dux tamen Sabinianus manebat, Ursicinus eius apparitor erat[12]. Nihilominus in Transtigranam contendit ubi subito incursu Persarum aestate 359 circumventus vix cum paucis in Armeniam Minorem evasit[13]. Paulo post oppidum Amida, magni momenti strategici, ab hostibus obsidetur et capitur quamquam Ursicinus Sabinianum incassum hortabatur ut subsidia mitteret[14]. Finis militiae Ursicino talis fuit, qui ad privatam vitam tum Constantio irato rediit[15].

Ursicino filii fuerunt e quibus unus, Potentius nomine, pugna Hadrianopolitana anno 378 oppetivit[16].

De Ursicini inimicis apud Ammianum

Difficultates Ammiani cum imperatore Constantio invidiae et malivolentiae nonnullorum potentium consiliariorum ab Ammiano adsignabantur, disseminantium mordaces susurros, dein propalam ficta crimina subnectentium[17]. In primis cubicularium et eunuchorum praepositum Eusebium[18], ab ima sorte ad usque iubendum imperatori paene elatum ideoque intolerabilem[19], nominabat et Arbitionem, magistrum equitumː ut subterraneus serpens foramen subsidens occultum adsultu subito singulos transitores observans incessit, ita ille ab ima sorte etiam post adeptum summum militiae munus, nec laesus aliquando nec lacessitus inexplebili quodam laedendi proposito conscientiam polluebat[20]. Qui tamen Arbitio honorifice ab historico Zonara memorabatur[21]. In quos inimicos ducis sui bilem effundere numquam praetermittit Ammianusː ita Eusebius ut coluber copia virus exuberans natorum multitudinem etiam tum aegre serpentium excitans ad nocendum, emittebat cubicularios iam adultos, ut inter ministeria vitae secretioris gracilitate vocis semper puerilis et blandae apud principis aures nimium patulas existimationem viri fortis invidia gravi pulsarent[22]ǃ

Notae

  1. Ammianus XIV.9ː a Nisibi quam tuebatur accitus Vrsicinus, cui nos obsecuturos iunxerat imperiale praeceptum, dispicere litis exitialis certamina cogebatur abnuens et reclamans, adulatorum oblatrantibus turmis, bellicosus sane milesque semper et militum ductor sed forensibus iurgiis longe discretus,...
  2. Ammianus XIV.11.2.
  3. Ammianus XV.2ː Iamque post miserandam deleti Caesaris cladem sonante periculorum iudicialium tuba in crimen laesae maiestatis arcessebatur Ursicinus adulescente magis magisque contra eius salutem livore omnibus bonis infesto.
  4. Ibid.ː id sederat, ut nocte ventura procul a conspectu militarium raptus Ursicinus indemnatus occideretur, ut quondam Domitius Corbulo dicitur caesus in conluvione illa Neroniani saeculi, provinciarum fidus defensor et cautus...
  5. Ibid.ː consilio in lenitudinem flexo facinus impium ad deliberationem secundam differri praeceptum est.
  6. Ammianus XV.5.19ː Et qui paulo antea cum insectatione malivola orientis vorago invadendaeque summae rei per filios adfectator conpellabatur, tunc dux prudentissimus et Constantini Magni fuerat conmilito
  7. Ibid.ː Diligens enim opera navabatur extingui Silvanum ut fortissimum perduellem, aut si secus accidisset, Ursicinum exulceratum iam penitus aboleri ne superesset scopulus inpendio formidandus.
  8. XV.5.36ː Tantumque abfuit laudare industrie gesta, ut etiam quaedam scriberet de Gallicanis intercepta thesauris, quos nemo attigerat.
  9. Ammianus XVI.2.8ː cui praesidebat Ursicini successor Marcellus et ipse Ursicinus ad usque expeditionis finem agere praeceptus isdem in locis
  10. Ammianus XVIII.4.7ː nobis apud Samosatam, Commageni quondam regni clarissimam sedem, parumper morantibus repente novi motus...
  11. Ammianus XVIII.5.5ː Stetitque sententia ut Sabinianus vietus quidem senex et bene nummatus sed inbellis et ignavus et ab impetranda magisterii dignitate per obscuritatem adhuc longe discretus praeficiendus eois partibus mitteretur, Vrsicinus vero curaturus pedestrem militiam et successurus Barbationi ad comitatum reverteretur... et VI.1ː Sabinianus adepta repentina potestate sufflatus et Ciliciae fines ingressus decessori suo principis litteras dedit hortantis, ut ad comitatum dignitate adficiendus superiore citius properaret, eo necessitatum articulo quo etiam, si apud Thulen moraretur Vrsicinus, acciri eum magnitudo rerum ratione probabili flagitabat, utpote disciplinae veteris et longo usu bellandi artis Persicae scientissimum.
  12. XXVIII.6.5-7ː Nos interea paulisper cis Taurum morati ex imperio ad partes Italiae festinantes prope flumen venimus Hebrum ex Odrysarum montibus decurrentem ibique principis scripta suscepimus iubentia omni causatione posthabita reverti Mesopotamiam sine apparitione ulla expeditionem curaturi periculosam, ad alium omni potestate translata. Quod ideo per molestos formatores imperii struebatur ut, si Persae frustra habiti redissent ad sua, ducis novi virtuti facinus adsignaretur egregium; si fortuna sequior ingruisset, Vrsicinus reus proditor rei publicae deferretur. Agitati ita sine rationibus, diu cunctati reversique fastidii plenum Sabinianum invenimus hominem mediocris staturae et parvi angustique animi vix sine turpi metu sufficientem ad levem convivii nedum proelii strepitum perferendum.
  13. Ammianus XVIII.6.7-10 et XIX.8.12
  14. Ammianus XIX.3.1ː Ursicinus maerens, quod ex alterius pendebat arbitrio, auctoritatis tunc in regendo milite potioris Sabinianum ... crebro monebat, ut compositis velitaribus cunctis per imos pedes montium occultis itineribus properarent etc.
  15. Ammianus XX.2ː iratus ultra modum Constantius nec discusso negotio nec patefieri, quae scientiam eius latebant, permissis adpetitum calumniis deposita militia digredi iussit ad otium.
  16. Ammianus XXXI.13.18.
  17. XX.2.1.
  18. XIV.11.2. XVIII.4.2-4. XX.2.3.
  19. XXII.3.11
  20. XV.2.4.
  21. Epitome historiarum IV.7.3.
  22. XVIII.4.4.

Fontes

Plura legere si cupis

  • Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, John Robert Martindale, John Morris: "Ursicinus 2". In: The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (PLRE). , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1971ː 985–986.

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