Sanctus

Vide etiam paginam fere homonymam: Sanctus (oratio).
Saint, 12th century fresco in Staraya Ladoga

Sanctus (a sanciendo) in multis religionibus est homo egregiae sanctitatis. Nomen in Christianitate adhibetur in definitionibus, quae inter denominationes variant. Verbum ipsum 'aliquis sacer' significat. Notio ex antiqua litteratura Graeca Christiana venit, in verbo ἅγιος 'sanctus', et ex Novo Testamento, ubi verbum Iesu discipulos describit.[1] In Vetere Testamento simile est verbum Hebraeum קדוש, cadosch. Verba קדוש, ἅγιος et sanctus sunt praecipue attributa Dei unius et omnipotentis, a quo omnis sanctitas derivatur. Aliae religiones certos homines praecipuae sanctitatis vel humanitatis noscunt.

Proprietates et definitiones

Ultima Cena. In iconographia Christiana posteris tradita sancti saepe depinguntur cum coronis. Nota Iudam sine corona hic depictum esse.

Laurentius Babb anthropologus[2] in commentario de Sathya Sai Baba rogat: "Quis est sanctus?" et respondit in symbolica certarum religionum structura esse imaginem certorum extraordinariorum spiritualium hominum, qui, ut fertur, "potestates mirificas habent," et quibus certa morum praesentia frequenter attribuitur.[3]

Christianitas

Secundum Biblia Sacra sanctus est, qui sanctificatur (Liber II Paralipomenon 6:41). Primi Christiani seipsos sanctos appellabant (Hebraei 13:24; Iudas 1:3; Philemon 1:5, 7). Notio sanctitatis condita est in opinione Christiana, ut concordantia actionum alicuius cum voluntate dei illum perfectiorem faceret et sanctificaret et sic vita illius perfecta fere fieret. Ab aetate prima Christianitatis Paulus Apostolus et alii "ἅγιους" non solum omnes credentes vivos (e. g. Philippenses 4;21-22 vel Revelatio 20;9) sed interdum etiam beatos in caelo (I Thessalonicenses 3;13) vocant.[4]

Christianitate crescente, homines verbo sanctus utebantur potius ad designadum singula individua, qui habebantur et venerabantur ut exemplaria fidei pro aliis Christianis. In principio terminus pro martyribus fidei adhibebatur. Ad sepulcra martyrum fideles congregare et eucharistiam celebrare solebant. Exemplum primum talium caerimoniorum celebrationes saeculo secundo quotannis ad sepulcrum Polycarpi habitae sunt.

Paulo poster alter typus sancti agnotus est: eremitae sicut Antonius abbas. Illi, quamvis non mortui sensu physico, a voluptatibus mundi absoluti et ideo quasi martyres facti sunt.

Temporibus posterioribus monachi et monachae sancti cosiderabantur et canonizabantur. Similiter et laici excelsi saepius sancti considerabantur.

Ad differendos varios typos sanctorum termini classificationis inventi sunt.

Ad episcopos, martyres, eremitas nunc abbates, presbyteri, confessores, abbatissae, virgines et postea alii typi additi sunt.

In traditione aliquorum Protestantium "sanctus" (sicut inter primos Christianos) omnem re-natum Christianum designat.

Catholicismus Romanus

Sunt plus quam decem milia sanctorum Romanorum Catholicorum.[5]

In Ecclesia Catholica est terminus pro homine, qui iam est in coelo, et qui gaudet visionem beatificam Dei. Catholici credunt sanctos non tantum Deum amare, cognoscere et laudare, sed etiam fideles in terris cognosere et amare. Ergo Catholici saepe quaerunt auxilium sanctorum, ut intercedant ad Deum pro eis. Magnus numerus est hominum sanctorum non amplius recordatorum, qui celebrantur die 1 Novembris, in suffragione Omnium Sanctorum. Nonnulli, tamen, ab ecclesia sunt noti tamquam exempla vitae Christianae. Illi sunt sancti canonizati, quos saepe indicat vocabulum sancti. Processus beatificationis et canonizationis examinat integritatem vitae, sanctitatem, et orthodoxiam alius, et petit duo miracula. Saepe sancti accipiuntur a Christianis in patronos, vel a die natali, vel a nomine eorum.

De cultu sanctorum ecclesia Catholica Romana praescribit: "cultu publico eos tantum Dei servos venerari licet, qui auctoritate Ecclesiae in album Sanctorum vel Beatorum relati sint" (canon 1187 Codicis Iuris Canonici). Ex canone 1186 propositum cultus sanctorum est: "Ad sanctificationem populi Dei fovendam, ecclesia peculiari et filiali christifidelium venerationi commendat Beatam Mariam semper Virginem, Dei Matrem, quam Christus hominum omnium Matrem constituit, atque verum et authenticum promovet cultum aliorum Sanctorum, quorum quidem exemplo christifideles aedificantur et intercessione sustentantur."

Veneratio sive cultus sanctorum devotionem particularem populi erga sanctos describit. Veneratio (δουλία) in sensu honorificiendi vel respectandi intenditur. Adoratio (λατρία) autem Deo reservata est. Sancti in caelo, amici Dei intimi ab hominibus adhuc in terra vivientibus rogari possunt, ut pro eis orarent, intercedant. Quivis sanctus patronus alicuius causae vel professionis designari vel contra singulos morbos sive alia mala invocari potest. Sancti non potentes ex seipsis sed solum per gratiam Dei putantur. Reliquiae sanctorum similiter iconibus respiciuntur. A primis temporibus, credentes coram reliquiis sanationem implorant.

"Virtutesque non quaslibet faciebat Deus per manum Pauli, ita ut etiam super languidos deferrentur a corpore eius sudaria et semicinctia, et recedebant ab eis languores, et spiritus nequam egrediebantur" (Actus Apostolorum 9:11-12).

Cum qua persona sancta iudicata est, corpus eius sacrum consideratur. Reliquiae sanctorum praecipue in ecclesiis conservantur. Etiam vestes et aliae res ex usu sanctorum provenientes ad venerationem conservantur. Nonnullis sanctis attributa adscripta sunt, e. g. claves ad Sanctum Petrum, ensis ad Sanctum Paulum.

In Ecclesia Catholica Romana aliqua persona, quae habetur excellenter sancta, per processum formalem (canonizationem) sancta declarari potest. Haec approbatio illam personam in Litania omnium sanctorum nominare sinit. Canonizatio multos annos, nonnumquam saecula durare solet. Cuius initium est investigatio vitae et scriptorum candidati ab homine perito peracta. Ille eventum studiorum episcopo locali tradit. Tum illo consentiente ampliores explorationes fiunt. Tunc causa personae, abhinc servus aut serva Dei intitulatae, Romam ad Congregationem de causis sanctorum transfertur et illic a postulatore proprio tractatur. Postea, si papa personae "virtutem heroicam" adscribit, ei titulus "venerabilis" addicitur. Si latiores investigationes prospere evenerunt et aut martyrium aut unum miraculum, quod per invocationem istius venerabilis personae post mortem eius successit, agnotum est, papa titulum "beatum" attribuere potest. Beatum in definita regione vitae, mortis vel sepulturae eius publice venerari licet. Priusquam papa beatum sanctum et ergo in tota ecclesia publice venerabilem proclamat, alterum miraculum agnosci debet.

Orthodoxia

In Ecclesia Orthodoxa sanctus definitur ut persona, quae est in caelo, sive recognitus in terra sive non.

Orthodoxi Deum sanctos eius per orationes exauditas vel per miracula revelare putant. Sancti a communibus localibus recognosci solent. Favore crescente multi per synodum episcoporum a tota ecclesia recognoscuntur, celebrantur et in calendario inscribuntur.

Anglicanismus

In Anglicanismo sancti videntur ut fratres et sorores maiores natu in Christo. Oportet illos, quae sunt exempla sanctitatis, imitari et ab eis in via spirituali animum sumere.

Intercessio sanctorum autem apud deum negatur et ut doctrina falsa ecclesiae Romanae condemnatur. Iesus Christus solus intercessor apud Deum Patrem videtur.

Qua de causa sancti in liturgia Anglicani non invocantur, in privatis autem orationibus nonnullorum Anglicanorum, praecipue Anglocatholicorum implorantur et festa eorum celebrantur.

Protestantismus

In multis ecclesiis Protestantibus "Sanctus" aliquem Christianum significat, sicut erat notio Sancti Pauli apostoli. Qui Christum confitetur et factus est pars corporis eius mystici, per relationem ad eum sanctus est. Rogationes ad sanctos mortuos itaque a multis Protestantibus ut idolatria aestimantur.

Santería/Vodum

Veneratio sanctorum Catholicorum basem religionis Cubanae Santeria format. Sancti cum diis mythologiae Yoruba confunduntur. Haec practica ab ecclesia Catholica Romana vehementer condemnatur. Vodun similiter agit. .

Aliae religiones

Notio sanctitatis in historia Christianitatis crevit; sunt autem in aliis religionibus notiones similes, in quibus certi homines agnoscuntur propter eorum sanctitatem vel humanitatem. Iudaismus tractat de classi hominum, qui Tzadikkim appellantur.

Sunt homines qui appellentur sancti Hinduisti, quorum plurimi egregie appellati sunt mahatma, paramahamsa, vel swami, sive titulis Sri vel Srila; moderna autem horum terminorum consuetudo magnopere adfecta est a theosophia. Buddhistae arhatas et arhantas praecipue colunt; item certae Islamismi sectae hadratas venerantur.

Nexus interni

Bibliographia

  • Cunningham, Lawrence S. 1980. The Meaning of Saints. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
  • Hawley, John Stratton, ed. 1987. Saints and Virtues. Berkeleiae: University of California Press.
  • Hein, David. 2004. Farrer on Friendship, Sainthood, and the Will of God. In Captured by the Crucified: The Practical Theology of Austin Farrer. David Hein et Edward Hugh Henderson ediderunt. Novi Eboraci et Londinii: T & T Clark / Continuum, pp. 119-148.
  • Hein, David. 2006. Saints: Holy, Not Tame. Sewanee Theological Review 49:204–217.
  • O'Malley, Vincent J. 1999. Ordinary Suffering of Extraordinary Saints. ISBN 0-87973-893-6.
  • Perham, Michael. 1980. The Communion of Saints. Londinii: Alcuin Club / SPCK.
  • Woodward, Kenneth L. 1996. Making Saints. Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster.
  • Jean-Luc Deuffic (éd.), Reliques et sainteté dans l'espace médiéval [1]

Notae

  1. F. W. Danker, et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature, tertia editio (Sicagi: University of Chicago Press, 2000), s.v. ἅγιος, praecipue definitio 2.d.β.
  2. John Stratton Hawley, ed., Saints and Virtues (Berkeleiae: University of California Press, 1987), 239.
  3. Anglice: sancti sunt "the focal points of spiritual force-fields," qui adhibent "powerful attractive influence on followers but touch the inner lives of others in transforming ways as well."—"Sathya Sai Baba's Saintly Play," in Saints and Virtues, ed. John Stratton, Hawley (Berkeleiae: University of California Press, 1987), 168–170.
  4. Donaldus Attwater et Catharina Rachel John. Dictionary of Saints, p 1. Londinii: Penguin Books, ed. 3, 1995. ISBN 978-0-14-051312-7.
  5. All About Saints

Nexus externi

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