Menexenus (Plato)

Editio princeps apud Aldum Manutium (Venetiis, 1513).

Menexenus (Graece Μενέξενος) est brevis dialogus Socraticus(en) a Platone philosopho Atheniensi circa 386 a.C.n.[1] compositum. Duae sunt personae: Menexenus et Socrates. Pleramque operis partem occupat parodia funebris orationis (Graece ἐπιτάφιος λόγος) quam Socrates ab Aspasia audisse contendit. Nam ut in multis aliis ita et in hoc libro Plato rhetoricam irridet.

De Menexeno homine

Menexenus, Demophontis filius, erat discipulus Socratis qui morti magistri sui in carcere adfuit[2]. E nobili familia natus erat quae plures magistratus civitati iam dederat et maiores suos imitari cupiebat[3]. Iam in dialogo priore Lysis inscripto admodum adulescens apparebat. Hic circiter viginti annos natus videtur quoniam studia absolvit atque politicam vitam ingredi in animo habet. Pauca de illo novimus atque in hoc dialogo pauca verba tantum ante et post orationem facit quae tamen admiratorem eum oratorum fuisse testantur ut Athenienses plerique illius temporis.

Summarium

Menexenus, qui e buleuterio venit ubi de oratore eligendo deliberabant ad orationem funebrem publice habendam, Socrati forte occurrit. Qui illecebras illarum orationum ironice ad caelum effert (quibus enim auditis maiorem et meliorem solito Socrate sese percipit) sed facillimum aestimat esse Athenienses coram Atheniensibus laudare; difficilius esset Spartanos ibidem laudare. Menexenus qui magna arte opus esse putat Socratem rogat an ipse talem orationem invenire posset. Ipsum quidem negat philosophus habere quod dicat sed orationis ab Aspasia, rhetoricae magistra, nuper recitatae meminisse quam cupido Menexeno relaturus est.

Socratis oratio omnes suetos locos communes percurrit : Atticam a deis amatam (e.g. lis inter Posidonem et Athenam memorat) et primam terram quae non feras sed homines genuit, maiorum virtutis et generositatis laudationem (soli Graecorum autochtones erant et libertatem omnium Graecorum vindicare iam ab initio in animo habebant), educationem democraticam (τροφή et παίδευσις) quae optimos eligit ad civitatem regendam, bella fortiter gesta, in primis Medica sed et cetera. Veritas historica saepe depravatur : exempli gratia Athenienses bello Peloponnesiaco non a Lacedaemoniis victi esse dicuntur sed intestinis tantummodo discordiis. Clades in Sicilia evenit quia longius processissent milites quam ut facile eis a patria succurreretur. Omni culpa vacant Athenienses praeter quod oppressis civitatibus nimis auxilium ferre voluerint contra potentiores qui eas subigere conabantur. Post Peloponnesiacum bellum quoque ab illa generositate libertatis aliorum defendendae abstinere nesciverunt, non obstante ingratitudine sociorum. Nam ob ipsam praestantem virtutem Athenienses invidiam sibi apud ceteros Graecos suscitarunt. Sequitur in secunda parte prosopopeia mortuorum in proeliis militum qui filios incitant ad virtutem suam aemulandam et parentes consolantur: sperare filios immortales nemo potest; deos autem precabantur ut filios vitute gloriosos impetrarent et voti nunc compotes sunt facti. Orator postremo honores et subsidia ipsis mortuis et propinquis eorum a civitate conlata enumerat.

Post orationem in brevi sermone Menexenus beatam Aspasiam nuncupat siquidem femina talem orationem invenire potuit.

De interpretatione duplici

Rhetores antiqui velut seriam orationem Menexenum commentariis ornaverunt[4]: Hermogenes ut alii[5] eam laudavit quia regulas rhetoricae observabat et figuris dicendi abunde utebatur (quod alioqui Platoni cordi esse non potuit nisi ironice). Dionysius Halicarnasseus[6] primam partem Athenarum laudativam acriter vituperabat et ridiculam recte iudicabat non tamen ita ut Platonem de industria ineptias cumulasse putaret, secundam partem vero (hortationes ad vivos) laudabat. Quin Plato sit verus auctor huius dialogi dubitare non licet quoniam Aristoteles bis ad hunc sermonem alludit[7]

Nonnulli moderni[8] quoque olim ob certas morales sententias quibus delectabantur, Platonem exemplum eloquentiae philosophicae ad imitandum dedisse opinabantur quo rhetores corrigeret ut in Phaedro Socrates Lysiam correxerat. Quam opinionem hodie plerique eruditi reiciunt. An revera Socrates tam impudentia mendacia qualia legimus in Menexeno probare passus esset dubitare licet. Satis saepe enim (ut in Gorgia) blandimenta quibus benevolentiam auditorum adfectabant oratoribus obiecit atque ut adsentationis artem rhetoricam vituperavit. Quin etiam cur Aspasiae nomine scurriliter abusus esset? Porro chronologiam nihil pensi habet : etenim Socrates anno 399 mortuus Aspasiam ad eventa anni 387 alludentem facit[9]. Omne illud genus orationum funebrium damnasse eum ut falsum et mendax multo verisimilius atque parodicam esse orationem iudicare oportet. Verum operis propositum tamen adhuc aenigma est.

Notae

  1. Etenim pacem Antalcidae memorat (247 a-b).
  2. Phaedo 59b.
  3. Menexenus 234 a-b.
  4. Robert Clavaux pp.17-35.
  5. Cicero, Orator 151.
  6. De Demosthenis elocutione 23-4. Textus apud Remacle.org et de compositione verborum 9 et 18 (Graece Περὶ συνθέσεως ὀνομάτων, Perì synthéseôs onomátôn).
  7. Rhetorica 1367b (liber I) et 1415b (liber III).
  8. E.g. Mauritius Croiset, "Sur le Mémexène de Platon" in Mélanges Perrot, 1903 p.59sqq.
  9. Bruce Rosenstock (1994).

Editiones et commentarii

Caput Socratis in Museo Luparensi servatum (ars Romana primi saeculi).

Plura legere si cupis

Nexus externi

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