Euander

Pastores Arcades (tabula picta a Nicolao Poussin)

In religione Romana Euander[1] (vel rarius Evander) erat heros cui quotannis non longe a porta Trigemina prope Aventinum montem sacrificabatur[2]. Mythographi ex eo Arcadem virum fecere qui cum matre Carmenta, "vate fatidica", e Graecia expulsus in Latium migravit, ubi a rege Aboriginum Fauno benigne acceptus oppidum Pallantium[3] nominatum sibi et comitibus in Palatino monte condidit. Gesta eius in Aeneide narrantur : nam socius Aeneae in bello adversus Rutulos fuit.

Quo modo Herculis cultum instituerit

Nomen Euandri coniunctus est cum fabula Herculis in Latium venientis postquam gigantem tricipitem Geryonem in Hispania interfecit atque eius armento potitus est (qui labor decimus ab Eurystheo ei impositorum habetur). Cum Alcides, itinere fessus, in prato virente inter Aventinum et Palatinum montem sito obdormisset, latro illius regionis incola, Cacus nomine, nonnullas boves e grege furatus cauda retrorsum tractas in speluncam occultavit. Hercules vero, fraude detecta, cum Caco luctatus est atque eum clava occidit. Tum pastores vicini caede trepidi facti regem Euandrum accivere, qui vaticinationibus matris praemonitus heroem agnovit atque in hospitium et amicitiam accepit. Sciebat enim filium Iovis ad immortalitatem et sortem divinam ob virtutem destinatum esse. Itaque primus ei tamquam deo sacrificare voluit et aram aedificavit, quam Aram Maximam postea dictam et in Foro Boario sitam Romani diu magna veneratione coluerunt. Ipse Hercules sacrum ritum Euandrum docuisse narrabatur : quae ratio reddebatur cur ibi Herculi capite non velato, id est ritu Graeco, non Romano, sacrificaretur[4]. Hoc sacrum quotannis faciendum Euander posteris tradidit.

Quae alia beneficia Aboriginibus tradiderit

Quamquam Titus Livius adfirmat[5] nulla sacra peregrina praeter Herculis accepisse Romulum, nonnulli auctores, in primis Dionysius Halicarnassensis fortasse et ipse Varronem secutus, ei dissentiunt atque cultum Neptuni Equestris (Consualia), Panis[6] (Lupercalia), item Victoriae in Palatino veneratae, necnon Cereris (in Palatino quoque ? non liquet) Euandro tribuere.

Praecipue litteras Graecas, quas mater Carmenta linguae Latinae scribendae aptavit, in Italiam introduxisse dicitur atque ex eo magnam admirationem apud Aborigines movisse. In musica usum lyrae[7] et aulae docuisse narratur, cum Aborigines antea fistulis vel syringibus tantum usi essent. Pauciores auctores heroem ex Arcadia agriculturae quoque scientiam in Italiam introduxisse voluerunt[8]. Ita humanitatis largo sensu magister mythicus Euander dici potest eo magis quod illo eodem tempore Hercules sacrificia humana in honorem Saturni abolevisse atque cum immersione simulacrum humanorum e ponte Sublicio in undas Tiberinas mutavisse dicitur.

Notae

  1. Quod si hoc nomen e Graeco interpreteris, inveneris significare "bonus vir" vel potius "generosus vir", ex εὖ et ἀνήρ (gen. ἀνδρὁς) compositum. E contrario Cacus = vir malus (κακός).
  2. Dion. Hal. I,32,2.
  3. Quia ex Pallantio in Arcadia venerat, idem nomen novae urbi indidit (Pausanias VIII.43.2).
  4. Ratio historica huius facti, fabulis omissis, multitudo fuisse potuit mercatorum Graecorum et Carthaginiensium per Tiberim illuc antiquitus venientium et suum deum adorantium.
  5. I,7
  6. Qui maximus deus apud Arcades erat. Iustinus XLIII,1. OGR V,3. Dion. Hal. I,32.
  7. Quod organum in Arcadia a deo Mercurio e testudinis dorso creatum narrabatur.
  8. OGR V,4.

Fontes

Plura legere si cupis

  • Iohannes Bayet, Les origines de l'arcadisme romain, MEFR,1920 pp.63-143.
  • Anuca Delcourt, « Evandre à Rome. Réflexions autour de quatre interprétations de la légende », Latomus 60, 2001 pp. 829-863.
  • I. Fabre-Serris, Rome, l'Arcadie et la mer des Argonautes : essai sur la naissance d'une mythologie des origines en Occident, Presses du Septentrion, 2008. ISBN 978-2-7574-0034-0
  • Paulus Marius Martin, « Pour une approche du mythe dans sa fonction historique. Le mythe d’Evandre », Caesarodunum 9, 1974, pp. 132-151.
  • Dominicus Musti, « Evandro », in Enciclopedia Virgiliana 2, Romae, 1985, pp. 437-445.
  • Sophia Papaioannou, "Founder, Civilizer and Leader: Vergil's Evander and His Role in the Origins of Rome", Mnemosyne, 2003ː 680-702

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