후퇴 논증

후퇴 논증 (後退論證, 라틴어: diallelus < 그리스어: di allelon, 다른 것을 통하여)은 인식론의 문제이며, 일반적으로 어떤 주장이 정당화되어야 하는 상황에서의 문제이다. 이 논증에 따르면 어떠한 명제도 정당화를 요구하나, 어떠한 정당화도 그 스스로는 근거를 필요로 한다. 이는 어떠한 명제도 무한히 의심받을 수 있음을 의미한다. 

기원

이 논증은 주로 섹스투스 엠피리쿠스가 제창한 것으로 생각되며, 아그리파에 의하여 아그리파의 트릴레마(trilemma)로 알려진 것의 일부로서 다시 주장되었다. 이 논증은 지식은 정당화된 참인 믿음이라는 플라톤의 《테아이테도스》(Theaetetus)에서의 입증에 대한 대응으로 보일 수 있다. 

구조

지식이 정당화된 참인 믿음이라고 가정하고, 

  1. P는 지식의 일부라고 생각하자. 그리고 P는 정당화된 참인 믿음이다. 
  2. P를 정당화하는 단 하나는 다른 서술이다. 이것을 P1이라 하자. 그러면 P1은 P를 정당화한다. 
  3. 그러나 P1가 P를 위한 충분히 정당한 이유가 된다면, 우리는 P1을 알아야 한다. 
  4. 그러나 P1을 알기 위해서는 이는 또한 정당화된 참인 믿음이어야 한다. 
  5. 이 정당화된 이유는 다른 서술어야 할 것이다. 이를 P2라고 하자. 그러면 P1은 P2를 정당화한다.
  6. 그러나 P2가 P를 위한 충분히 정당한 이유가 된다면, 우리는 P2가 참이라는 것을 알아야 한다. 
  7. 그러나 P2가 지식으로 인정되기 위해서는 이는 그것 스스로 정당화된 참인 지식이어야 한다. 
  8. 이 정당한 이유는 다른 서술어이야 할 것이다. 이를 P3이라고 하자. 그러면 P3는 P2를 정당화한다. 
  9. 이러한 과정은 무한히 계속된다. 

같이 보기

Read other articles:

Adolfo de la Huerta Fotografía tomada c. 1920 en Ciudad de México (Archivo Casasola). Presidente de los Estados Unidos MexicanosSustituto 1 de junio de 1920-30 de noviembre de 1920Gabinete Gabinete de Adolfo de la HuertaPredecesor Venustiano CarranzaSucesor Álvaro Obregón Secretario de Hacienda y Crédito Público 1 de diciembre de 1920-25 de septiembre de 1923Presidente Álvaro ObregónPredecesor Salvador AlvaradoSucesor Alberto J. Pani Gobernador de Sonora 1919-1920Predecesor Ces...

 

معاملة مجتمع الميم في غواتيمالا غواتيمالاالحالةقانوني منذ عام 1871[1]هوية جندرية/نوع الجنسلاالخدمة العسكريةغير معروفالحماية من التمييزلاحقوق الأسرةالاعترافبالعلاقاتلا اعتراف قانوني بالعلاقات المثليةالتبنيلا قد يواجه الأشخاص من المثليين والمثليات ومزدوجي التوجه ا...

 

Bakpia pathokBakpia pathokNama lainBakpia pathuk (Jawa)JenisKueSajianCamilan, hidangan penutupTempat asalIndonesiaDaerahPathuk, Kota Yogyakarta, DI YogyakartaSuhu penyajianSuhu ruangan Bakpia pathok (Jawa: ꦧꦏ꧀ꦥꦶꦪ​ꦥꦛꦸꦏ꧀, translit. bakpia pathuk) adalah kue berbentuk bulat pipih, terbuat dari campuran kacang hijau dengan gula, yang dibungkus dengan tepung, lalu dipanggang. Bakpia asal mulanya berasal dari daratan Tiongkok. Bakpia pathok adalah salah satu varian ...

Seorang asisten wasit mengisyaratkan offside terjadi. Offside (bahasa Indonesia:Luar posisi) adalah salah satu aturan sepak bola, yang terkodifikasi dalam Hukum ke-11 dari Laws of the Game. Undang-undang FIFA tersebut menyatakan bahwa seorang pemain di luar area permainan atau offside, apabila tersentuh bola atau menerima umpan bola dari rekan satu tim, dengan keadaan pemain tersebut berada mendahului pemain paling belakang dari tim lawan dan apabila pemain tersebut berada lebih dekat dengan ...

 

Romawi Kuno Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri Politik dan KetatanegaraanRomawi Kuno Zaman Kerajaan Romawi753–509 SM Republik Romawi509–27 SM Kekaisaran Romawi27 SM – 395 M Principatus Dominatus Wilayah Barat395–476 M Wilayah Timur395–1453 M Lini Masa Konstitusi Romawi Konstitusi Zaman Kerajaan Konstitusi Zaman Republik Konstitusi Zaman Kekaisaran Konstitusi Akhir Zaman Kekaisaran Senatus Sidang Legislatif Magistratus Eksekutif Preseden dan Hukum Hukum Romawi Ius Imperium Mos Maior...

 

بوبايان City مركز المدينة علم بوبايانعلم شعار اللقب المدينة البيضاء الاسم الرسمي بوبايان   الإحداثيات 2°27′15″N 76°36′33″W / 2.45417°N 76.60917°W / 2.45417; -76.60917 الإنشاء يناير 13, 1537 تقسيم إداري  البلد  كولومبيا  الإدارة كاوكا عاصمة لـ إدارة كاوكا  الحكومة  عمدة...

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Kematian Kecil Kartosoewirjo Berkas:Kematian Kecil Kartosoewirjo.jpgPengarangTriyanto TriwikromoBahasa IndonesiaGenreKumpulan puisiPenerbitGramedia Pustaka UtamaTanggal terbit2015Halaman128 halamanISBNISBN 978-602-03-1263-7 Kematian Kecil Kartoso...

 

Anterolateral sulcusAnterolateral sulcus is visible at #8.Anteroinferior view of the medulla oblongata and pons. (Anterolateral sulcus visible but not labeled.)DetailsIdentifiersLatinsulcus anterolateralis medullae oblongataeNeuroNames710TA98A14.1.04.005TA25986FMA83797Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy[edit on Wikidata] The anterolateral sulcus (or ventrolateral sulcus) is a sulcus on the side of the medulla oblongata between the olive and pyramid. The rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve (CN ...

 

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Maurice-Tièche Comprehensive School – news · newspapers · boo...

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: One More Time South Korean TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) TV series or program One More TimeAlso known asI Want to Protect You ~One More Time~GenreTeenRomanceMusicFant...

 

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Indian Army Public Schools – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)This article ne...

 

Sebotol heroin yang merupakan salah satu narkoba yang paling dikenal secara luas. Narkoba adalah singkatan dari narkotika, psikotropika, dan obat terlarang.[1] Selain narkoba, istilah lain yang diperkenalkan khususnya oleh Kementerian Kesehatan RI adalah Napza yang merupakan singkatan dari narkotika, psikotropika, dan zat adiktif. Sementara menurut UU Narkotika pasal 1 ayat 1 menyatakan bahwa narkotika merupakan zat buatan atau pun yang berasal dari tanaman yang memberikan efek halusi...

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article contenant une liste doit être recyclé (août 2010). Une réorganisation et une clarification du contenu paraissent nécessaires. Améliorez-le, discutez des points à améliorer ou précisez les sections à rec...

 

Trabajadores Industriales del MundoIndustrial Workers of the World Sigla IWWSecretario/a general Arella Vargas (enero de 2016 - presente)Fundación 27 de junio de 1905 (118 años)Ideología política Sindicalismo revolucionario Sindicalismo autogestionario Wobblyism[1]​Ámbito InternacionalAfiliados 11275[2]​Sede central Chicago, EE. UU. Sitio web iww.org[editar datos en Wikidata] Manifestación de la IWW en 1914, Nueva York Industrial Workers of the World —Trabaj...

 

1938 British filmStar of the CircusDirected byAlbert de CourvilleWritten byHeinrich Seiler (novel)Hans H. ZerlettDudley Leslie Elizabeth MeehanJohn Monk SaundersProduced byWalter C. MycroftStarringOtto KrugerGertrude MichaelJohn ClementsPatrick BarrCinematographyClaude Friese-GreeneEdited byLionel TomlinsonMusic byLeo LeuxProductioncompanyAssociated British Picture CorporationDistributed byAssociated British Film DistributorsRelease date15 March 1938Running time68 minutesCountryUnited Kingdom...

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (ديسمبر 2019) جزء من سلسلة عليالحرب التاريخ ما قبل التاريخ الحروب القديمة ما بعد الكلاسيكية أوائل العصر الحديث أواخر العصر الحديث الصناعية الجيل الرابع ساحة المعركة الج...

 

Indian film director and screenwriter (born 1977) Vikram SirikondaBorn (1977-07-20) 20 July 1977 (age 46)Warangal, Telangana, IndiaNationalityIndianEducationB.M.S. Institute of Technology and ManagementOccupation(s)Screenwriter Director Vikram Sirikonda is an Indian film director and screenwriter, primarily known for his works in Telugu Film Industry. Vikram is known for his screen writing to films such as Telugu Movies Race Gurram[1] (2014), Mirapakai (2011) and Konchem Ishtam K...

 

Ukrainian politician Serhiy KunitsynСергій КуніцинPrime Minister of CrimeaIn office29 April 2002 – 20 April 2005Preceded byValeriy HorbatovSucceeded byAnatoliy MatviyenkoIn office27 May 1998 – 25 July 2001Preceded byAnatoliy FranchukSucceeded byValeriy HorbatovGovernor of SevastopolIn office2005–2010Preceded bySerhiy IvanovSucceeded byValeriy SaratovPresidential representative in CrimeaIn office6 April 2010 – 13 November 2010Preceded byLeonid Zh...

English actress Tilly KeeperKeeper in 2019BornMatilda Elizabeth Keeper (1997-08-16) 16 August 1997 (age 26)Westminster, London, EnglandEducationBromley High SchoolOccupationActressYears active2004–present[1]TelevisionEastEnders Matilda Elizabeth Keeper (born 16 August 1997)[2] is an English actress, known for her role as Louise Mitchell on the BBC soap opera EastEnders. She has since appeared in the BBC film Make Me Famous (2020) and in the Netflix series You (2023...

 

Non-profit organization Information Systems Research in ScandinaviaAbbreviationIRISFormation1978TypeNonprofitRegion NordicsPresidentMagnus Rotvit Perlt HansenMain organIRIS Executive BoardAffiliationsAssociation for Information SystemsWebsitehttps://communities.aisnet.org/scandinavia/home IRIS Association logo from the 1990s The IRIS (Information Systems Research in Scandinavia) Association is a non-profit organization aiming to promote research and research education in the use, development,...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!