Әмеңгерлік

Әмеңгерлікдәстүрлі құқықтық мәдениеттің негізгі институттарының бірі; күйеуі өліп, жесір қалған әйелдің қайын ағасына немесе қайын інісіне, не болмаса жұбайының ең жақын туыстарының біріне тұрмысқа шығуы, некелесуі. Бұл қазақ қоғамында ерте заманнан “аға өлсе, жеңге — мұра, іні өлсе, келінмұра”, “әйел ерден кетсе де, елден кетпейді” деген қағидаға айналып, әдеттік заң нормасы ретінде қалыптасқан. Әмеңгерлік мәселесі ру ақсақалдарының басқаруымен қандас туыстар арасында мұқият талқыланған, ортақ ұйғарыммен шешілген. Әмеңгерлік институтының тек әлеуметтік-құқықтық қана емес, сондай-ақ тәрбиелік-гуманистік мәні де зор болған.

  • Біріншіден, көшпелі тұрмыс салтында жесір әйелдің жалғыз өзі күнелтуі, күйеуінен қалған бала-шағаға, мал-мүлікке ие болуы қиын. Бөгде, тегі бөлек біреуге тұрмысқа шықса, балаларына өгейлік, мейірімсіздік танытуы мүмкін.
  • Екіншіден, марқұм күйеуінен қалған мал-мүлік жесір әйелге берілсе, бөтен адамның иемденіп кетуі, талан-таражға салуы, жетім балаларды нәпақасыз қалдыруы мүмкін.
  • Үшіншіден, бөгде біреуге күйеуге шығатын болса, әкелерінің қандас, аталас туыстары жетім балаларды анасынан ажыратып алып қалуы ықтимал. Мұның ауыр қиянат боларын қазақтар жақсы түсінген.

Сондықтан, аталған факторларды ескере отырып, қазақ ғұламалары “Жеті Жарғы” нормаларында ері қайтыс болған жесірдің “елден кетпеуін”, күйеуінің қандас туыстарының біріне күйеуге шығуын міндеттеген. Қаза тапқан еркектің туған-туыстары жесір әйелдің “әмеңгері” деп аталған. Қазақ қоғамында әмеңгерліктен бас тарту сирек кездескен, ол өзінің туысының жетім қалған балаларына, яки, өзінің қандас іні-қарындастарына мейірімсіздік, жаныашымастық ретінде бағаланған. Ал әйел әмеңгерліктен бас тартса, оған бала да, мал-мүлік те берілмеген, тек өз қалауымен күйеуге шығу еркі ғана берілген.[1]

Дереккөздер

  1. Қазақтың этнографиялық категориялар, ұғымдар мен атауларының дәстүрлі жүйесі. Энциклопедия. - Алматы: DPS, 2011. - ISBN 978-601-7026-17-2

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