^Young, Paul (2005). “Media on Display: A Telegraphic History of Early American Cinema”. In Gitelman, Lisa. New Media: 1740-1915. MIT Press. pp. 230–264. ISBN9780262572286
^Ellenberger, Allan R. “The Centenary of the close-up”. Hollywoodland: A Site About Hollywood and Its History. 2016年3月1日閲覧。