ブリストル王立診療所(英語版)の大学医学部のスティーブン・ルイスとケン・ヒートンによってイギリスで初めて開発され提案されたものは、1992年に実施された前向きコホート研究(英語版)(男性838人、女性1,059人)では、便の形状や種類に関連した排便障害の予想外の有病率が示されていたため、1997年にスカンジナビア消化器学会誌(Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology)[40]に臨床評価ツールとして提案された[41]。上記の論文で、著者は、便の形が結腸通過時間の有用な代替指標であると結論づけた。この結論は、タイプ1とタイプ2では有効性が限られているということで反論されているが[42]、腸のさまざまな疾患の治療法の有効性を評価するための研究ツールとして、また臨床的なコミュニケーションの補助として、現在も使用されている[7]</ref>[8]。
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^Gut Sense What Exactly Are Normal Stools?, Konstantin Monastyrsky. Accessed July 2015
^Koh, H.; Lee, MJ.; Kim, MJ.; Shin, JI.; Chung, KS. (February 2010). “Simple diagnostic approach to childhood fecal retention using the Leech score and Bristol stool form scale in medical practice”. J Gastroenterol Hepatol25 (2): 334–8. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06015.x. PMID19817956.
^Corsetti, M.; De Nardi, P.; Di Pietro, S.; Passaretti, S.; Testoni, PA.; Staudacher, C. (December 2009). “Rectal distensibility and symptoms after stapled and Milligan-Morgan operation for hemorrhoids”. J Gastrointest Surg13 (12): 2245–51. doi:10.1007/s11605-009-0983-7. PMID19672663.
^Wang, HJ.; Liang, XM.; Yu, ZL.; Zhou, LY.; Lin, SR.; Geraint, M. (2004). “A Randomised, Controlled Comparison of Low-Dose Polyethylene Glycol 3350 plus Electrolytes with Ispaghula Husk in the Treatment of Adults with Chronic Functional Constipation”. Clin Drug Investig24 (10): 569–76. doi:10.2165/00044011-200424100-00002. PMID17523718.
^ abAckley, Betty J.; Ladwig, Gail B. (2013). Nursing Diagnosis Handbook, An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care, 10: Nursing Diagnosis Handbook. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 240. ISBN9780323085496
^ abBristol scale stool form. A still valid help in medical practice and clinical research
G Riegler, I Esposito – Techniques in coloproctology, 2001 – Springer
^ abMínguez Pérez, M.; Benages Martínez, A. (May 2009). “The Bristol scale - a useful system to assess stool form?”. Rev Esp Enferm Dig101 (5): 305–11. doi:10.4321/s1130-01082009000500001. PMID19527075.
^Yilmaz, S.; Dursun, M.; Ertem, M.; Canoruc, F.; Turhanoğlu, A. (March 2005). “The epidemiological aspects of irritable bowel syndrome in Southeastern Anatolia: a stratified randomised community-based study”. Int J Clin Pract59 (3): 361–9. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2004.00377.x. PMID15857337.
^Adibi, P.; Behzad, E.; Pirzadeh, S.; Mohseni, M. (August 2007). “Bowel habit reference values and abnormalities in young Iranian healthy adults”. Dig Dis Sci52 (8): 1810–3. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9509-2. PMID17410463.
^Macmillan, AK.; Merrie, AE.; Marshall, RJ.; Parry, BR. (October 2008). “Design and validation of a comprehensive fecal incontinence questionnaire”. Dis Colon Rectum51 (10): 1502–22. doi:10.1007/s10350-008-9301-9. PMID18626716.
^ abMaestre, Y.; Parés, D.; Vial, M.; Bohle, B.; Sala, M.; Grande, L. (June 2010). “Prevalence of fecal incontinence and its relationship with bowel habit in patients attended in primary care”. Med Clin (Barc)135 (2): 59–62. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2010.01.031. PMID20416902.
^El-Gazzaz, G.; Zutshi, M.; Salcedo, L.; Hammel, J.; Rackley, R.; Hull, T. (December 2009). “Sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of fecal incontinence and urinary incontinence in female patients: long-term follow-up”. Int J Colorectal Dis24 (12): 1377–81. doi:10.1007/s00384-009-0745-8. PMID19488765.
^Tinmouth, J.; Tomlinson, G.; Kandel, G.; Walmsley, S.; Steinhart, HA.; Glazier, R. (2007). “Evaluation of Stool frequency and stool form as measures of HIV-related diarrhea”. HIV Clin Trials8 (6): 421–8. doi:10.1310/hct0806-421. PMID18042507.
^Zutshi, M.; Tracey, TH.; Bast, J.; Halverson, A.; Na, J. (June 2009). “Ten-year outcome after anal sphincter repair for fecal incontinence”. Dis Colon Rectum52 (6): 1089–94. doi:10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181a0a79c. PMID19581851.
^Engsbro, AL.; Simren, M.; Bytzer, P. (February 2012). “Short-term stability of subtypes in the irritable bowel syndrome: prospective evaluation using the Rome III classification”. Aliment Pharmacol Ther35 (3): 350–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04948.x. PMID22176384.
^ abChoung, RS.; Locke, GR.; Zinsmeister, AR.; Schleck, CD.; Talley, NJ. (October 2007). “Epidemiology of slow and fast colonic transit using a scale of stool form in a community”. Aliment Pharmacol Ther26 (7): 1043–50. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03456.x. PMID17877511.
^Remes-Troche, JM.; Ozturk, R.; Philips, C.; Stessman, M.; Rao, SS. (February 2008). “Cholestyramine--a useful adjunct for the treatment of patients with fecal incontinence”. Int J Colorectal Dis23 (2): 189–94. doi:10.1007/s00384-007-0391-y. PMID17938939.
^Wang, HJ.; Liang, XM.; Yu, ZL.; Zhou, LY.; Lin, SR.; Geraint, M. (2004). “A Randomised, Controlled Comparison of Low-Dose Polyethylene Glycol 3350 plus Electrolytes with Ispaghula Husk in the Treatment of Adults with Chronic Functional Constipation”. Clin Drug Investig24 (10): 569–76. doi:10.2165/00044011-200424100-00002. PMID17523718.
^Sakai, T.; Makino, H.; Ishikawa, E.; Oishi, K.; Kushiro, A. (June 2011). “Fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota reduces incidence of hard or lumpy stools in healthy population”. Int J Food Sci Nutr62 (4): 423–30. doi:10.3109/09637486.2010.542408. PMID21322768.
^Riezzo, G.; Orlando, A.; D'Attoma, B.; Guerra, V.; Valerio, F.; Lavermicocca, P.; De Candia, S. (February 2012). “Randomised clinical trial: efficacy of Lactobacillus paracasei-enriched artichokes in the treatment of patients with functional constipation - a double-blind, controlled, crossover study”. Aliment Pharmacol Ther35 (4): 441–50. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04970.x. PMID22225544.
^Strid, H.; Simrén, M.; Störsrud, S.; Stotzer, PO.; Sadik, R. (June 2011). “Effect of heavy exercise on gastrointestinal transit in endurance athletes”. Scand J Gastroenterol46 (6): 673–7. doi:10.3109/00365521.2011.558110. PMID21366388.
^“Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time”. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.32 (9): 920–4. (September 1997). doi:10.3109/00365529709011203. PMID9299672.
^Parés, D.; Comas, M.; Dorcaratto, D.; Araujo, MI.; Vial, M.; Bohle, B.; Pera, M.; Grande, L. (May 2009). “Adaptation and validation of the Bristol scale stool form translated into the Spanish language among health professionals and patients”. Rev Esp Enferm Dig101 (5): 312–6. doi:10.4321/s1130-01082009000500002. PMID19527076.
^Martinez, AP; de Azevedo, GR. (2012). “The Bristol Stool Form Scale: its translation to Portuguese, cultural adaptation and validation”. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem20 (3): 583–589. doi:10.1590/S0104-11692012000300021. PMID22991122.
Lewis, SJ; Heaton, KW (September 1997). “Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time”. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.32 (9): 920–4. doi:10.3109/00365529709011203. PMID9299672.
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