澄江動物群の一種に、ベンド生物に似た葉状の付着生物である Stromatoveris がある。De-Gan Shu, S. C. Morriset al. によると、その体表には濾過摂食に用いる繊毛列が存在していたようである。彼らはこの種が有櫛動物に近縁であると提唱し、元は濾過摂食に使われていた繊毛が、遊泳性となったことで推進器官へと変化した、と考えている[7]。
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^Simon Conway Morris, Alberto M. Simonetta, ed (1991). The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 308. ISBN0-521-11158-7
^C. Nielsen et al. (1996). “Cladistic analyses of the animal kingdom”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society57 (4): 385–410. doi:10.1006/bijl.1996.0023.
^Ueber die Morphologie und die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der wirbellosen thiere. Ein Beitrag zur Charakteristik und Classification der thierischen Formen. (1923). ISBN1-245-56027-1
^Systematische Phylogenie Der Wirbellosen Thiere, Invertebrata, Part 2: Des Entwurfs Einer Systematischen Stammesgeschichte. (1896). ISBN1-120-86850-5
^The Invertebrates: Volume I, Protozoa Through Ctenophra. McGraw Hill. (1940). ISBN0-07-031660-0
^Philippe H et al. (2009). “Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships”. Curr Biol.19 (8): 706-712. PMID19345102.
^Andreas Wallberg et al. (2004). “The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling”. Cladistics20 (6): 558–578. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x.
^A. G. Collins (2002). Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles. 15. pp. 418–432. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x.
^Pick K. S. et al. (2010). “Improved phylogenomic taxon sampling noticeably affects nonbilaterian relationships.”. Mol Biol Evol.27 (9): 1983-1987. PMID20378579.
^Dunn C.W. et al. (2008). “Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life.”. Nature.452 (7188): 745-749. PMID18322464.
^Hejnol A. et al. (2009). “Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods.”. Proc Biol Sci.276 (1677): 4261-4270. PMID19759036.
^Ryan J.F. (2010). “The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa.”. Evodevo.1 (1): 9. PMID20920347.
^Harbison, G.R. (1985). “On the classification and evolution of the Ctenophora”. In Conway Morris, S., George, J.D.,. Gibson, R., and Platt, H.M.. The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates. Clarendon Press. pp. 78–100. ISBN0-19-857181-X