アメリカ疾病予防管理センター (CDC) は、医療従事者に対するインフルエンザワクチン接種の推奨を1981年に開始した。CDCは、一般的に感染症に対して高リスクな人々と、その治療・看護をする人々は特に予防接種の緊急性を要するとの趣旨を、一般的なワクチン接種の包括的推奨のなかで臨床医に対して強調している。インフルエンザワクチン接種に関しては、重篤なインフルエンザの合併症の危険性がより高い人、またはこれらの人と一緒に暮らしている人や世話をする人々にとって特に重要となる[130]。2009年には、インフルエンザ標準ワクチンの、新しい高用量製剤であるFluzone High Doseが承認された。Fluzone High Doseは、特に65歳以上の人に適しており、標準のFluzone(15μg)の抗原投与量の4倍の用量(60μg)となっている[131][132]。インフルエンザの合併症の危険性がより高い人には、妊婦[125][133] や生後6か月から18歳までの若年者などが含まれる[110]。年齢制限を18歳とする目的は、小児科医への受診、学校の欠席あるいは合併症に対処するための抗生物質の必要性等を減らすことである[134]。さらに、子供へワクチンを接種することによって、その親および生活を共にする人々のインフルエンザ罹患者の減少、ひいては一般社会への感染拡大の可能性を減少させることが期待できる[134]。
1931年には、ヴァンダービルト大学のErnest William Goodpastureらによって、ニワトリ卵内におけるインフルエンザウイルスの増殖が報告された[154]。この研究は、複数の他の研究者らによって引き継がれ、インフルエンザウイルスの増殖によって最初の実験的インフルエンザワクチンが誕生した[155]。1940年代には、インフルエンザワクチンによる一定の予防効果が確認された。実験・開発は、アメリカ軍に設置された「インフルエンザその他陸軍において発生する伝染性疾患の研究と防疫の為の委員会」によって主にすすめられ、第二次世界大戦期(1943年ごろ)から本格的な使用が開始された[13][156]。さらに、ワクチン製造メーカーは、ウイルスの純度を改善するために製造プロセスの開発を行い、ニワトリ卵タンパク質をより除去し、さらにワクチンの全身反応性を低下させるための改善を進めた[157]。最近では、アメリカ食品医薬品局 (FDA) は、ニワトリ卵を用いず細胞培養によってウイルスを増殖させて作られたインフルエンザワクチンを承認した[158]。また、植物細胞由来のインフルエンザワクチンも臨床試験が行われている[159][160]。
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^ abOsterholm, MT; Kelley, NS; Sommer, A; Belongia, EA (Jan 2012). “Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.”. The Lancet. Infectious diseases12 (1): 36-44. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70295-X. PMID22032844.
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^Haverkate, M; d'Ancona, F; Giambi, C; Johansen, K; Lopalco, P. L.; Cozza, V; Appelgren, E; VENICE project gatekeepers contact points (2012). “Mandatory and recommended vaccination in the EU, Iceland and Norway: Results of the VENICE 2010 survey on the ways of implementing national vaccination programmes”. Euro surveillance17 (22). PMID22687916.
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^Madhi, Shabir A.; Cutland, Clare L.; Kuwanda, Locadiah; Weinberg, Adriana; Hugo, Andrea; Jones, Stephanie; Adrian, Peter V.; Van Niekerk, Nadia et al. (2014). “Influenza Vaccination of Pregnant Women and Protection of Their Infants”. New England Journal of Medicine371 (10): 918-31. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401480. PMID25184864.
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^Kaplan, J. E. (1982). "Guillain-Barre syndrome in the United States, 1979-1980 and 1980-1981. Lack of an association with influenza vaccination". JAMA 248 (6): 428.PMID25996397
^Stowe, J.; Andrews, N.; Wise, L.; Miller, E. (2008). “Investigation of the Temporal Association of Guillain-Barre Syndrome with Influenza Vaccine and Influenzalike Illness Using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database”. American Journal of Epidemiology169 (3): 382-8. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn310. PMID19033158.
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^ECDC Reviews "New WHO recommendations on seasonal influenza immunization from the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) - adding pregnant women as the highest priority and consideration of immunising children aged 6 months to 5 years" 25 May 2012
^Bish, Alison; Yardley, Lucy; Nicoll, Angus; Michie, Susan (2011). “Factors associated with uptake of vaccination against pandemic influenza: A systematic review”. Vaccine29 (38): 6472-84. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.107. PMID21756960.
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