Ursus minimus

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Orso d'Alvernia
Fossili di orso d'Alvernia, rinvenuti in Toscana
Stato di conservazione
Fossile
Classificazione scientifica
DominioEukaryota
RegnoAnimalia
PhylumChordata
ClasseMammalia
OrdineCarnivora
FamigliaUrsidae
GenereUrsus
SpecieU. minimus

L'orso d'Alvernia (Ursus minimus) è un mammifero carnivoro estinto, appartenente agli ursidi. Visse nel Pliocene (circa 5 - 2 milioni di anni fa) e i suoi resti fossili sono stati ritrovati in Europa e Asia. È considerata la più antica e primitiva specie del genere Ursus.

Descrizione

Raffigurazione dell'olotipo di Ursus minimus, tratto dalla pubblicazione di Deveze e Bouillet del 1827

Questo animale doveva assomigliare molto a un orso tibetano attuale, anche se le dimensioni di Ursus minimus dovevano essere minori. Il cranio di quest'ultimo, infatti, era lungo circa 25 centimetri, paragonabile a quello del piccolo orso malese attuale. Rispetto ad altre specie del genere Ursus, questa forma era sprovvista di un metatarso specializzato, e la morfologia mandibolare richiamava ancora quella degli antichi ursidi del Miocene, come Ursavus. Anche la forma del trigonide sui molari e i canini richiamavano quelli di Ursavus, mentre le successive specie del genere Ursus non possedevano queste caratteristiche.

La serie dei premolari era ancora completa, e i denti laterali possedevano superfici occlusali semplici. In generale, la morfologia dello scheletro di Ursus minimus assomigliava molto a quella dell'attuale orso tibetano, tant'è che è difficile distinguere i fossili attribuiti alle due specie.

Classificazione

Ursus minimus venne descritto per la prima volta da Deveze e Bouillet nel 1827; altre specie plioceniche di Ursus sono state poi attribuite a U. minimus, tra le quali U. ruscinensis, U. arvernensis e U. boeckhi. Quest'ultima rappresenterebbe gli esemplari più antichi del genere Ursus, del Pliocene inferiore della Transilvania. U. minimus è noto grazie a numerosi resti ritrovati in Italia, Francia, Germania, Slovacchia, Ungheria, Polonia, Ucraina, Russia. Gli esemplari italiani provengono dal sito di Meleto Valdarno, in Toscana. Altri esemplari attribuiti a U. minimus provengono dalla Cina, dove sono stati originariamente descritti come una specie a sé stante (U. yinanensis). Molte di queste specie, tuttavia, sono da alcuni paleontologi attribuite al genere Protarctos.

Ursus minimus è considerato il primo rappresentante del genere Ursus. Probabilmente deriva dal genere del Miocene Ursavus, ma l'origine non è certa. Ursus minimus è molto importante, perché da questo ceppo si originarono tutte le altre specie della sottofamiglia Ursinae, escluso l'orso labiato. Da una parte si sviluppò un ceppo che portò all'origine degli orsi neri (orso tibetano, orso malese, baribal) e dall'altra si originò il ceppo degli orsi bruni (compreso l'orso bianco) e degli orsi delle caverne.

Mandibola di Ursus ruscinensis (= U. minimus), Pliocene di Perpignan.

Bibliografia

  • Jean Sébastien Devèze de Chabriol & Jean-Baptiste Bouillet. 1827. Essai Géologique et Minéralogique sur les Environs d'Issoire, Département du Puy-de-Dôme, et Principalement sur la Montagne de Boulade: Avec la Description et les Figures Lithographiées des Ossemens Fossiles qui y Ont Eté Recueillis. Imprimerie de Thibaud-Landriot, Clermont-Ferrand 1827.
  • Björn Kurtén. 1968. Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Aldine Transaction, Chicago 1968.
  • Stephen Herrero. 1972. Aspects of Evolution and Adaptation in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus Pallas) and Brown and Grizzly Bears (U. arctos Linne.) of North America. In: Bears: Their Biology and Management. Vol. 2: A Selection of Papers from the Second International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 6-9 November 1970. IUCN Publications New Series no. 23, 1972. S. 221-231.
  • Li Y., 1993. On a new species of Pliocene Ursus (Carnivora, Ursidae) from Yinan, Shandong Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 31: 44-60. Beijing.
  • Christine Marie Janis, Kathleen Marie Scott, Louis L. Jacobs. 1998. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0521355192.
  • Michael Morlo, Martin Kundrát. 2001. The first carnivoran fauna from the Ruseinium (Early Pliocene, MN 15) of Germany. In: Paläontologische Zeitschrift 75 (2), September 2001. S. 163-187.
  • Wagner, J., Lipecki, G., Krawczyk, M., 2008. New evidence of Ursus minimus from the territory of Poland. 14th International Cave Bear Symposium, Abstract (Poster), 18.9. - 22.9. 2008, Natural History Museum St.Gall, Appenzell, Switzerland. Abstracts, p. 29-31.
  • Céline Bon, Jean-Marc Elaouf. 2010. Cave Bear Genomics in the Paleolithic Painted Cave of Chauvet-Pont d'Arc. In: Pierre Pontarotti: Evolutionary Biology. Concepts, Molecular and Morphological Evolution. Springer, 2010. ISBN 3642123392, S. 343–355.
  • Jan Wagner. 2010. Pliocene to early Middle Pleistocene ursine bears in Europe: a taxonomic overview. In: Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series Vol. 179 (2), 2010. S. 197-215.

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