Triclormetiazide

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Triclormetiazide
Nome IUPAC
6-cloro-3-(diclorometil)-1,1-diosso-3,4-diidro-2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]tiadiazin-7-sulfonammide
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC8H8Cl3N3O4S2
Massa molecolare (u)380,6558
Numero CAS133-67-5
Numero EINECS205-118-8
Codice ATCC03AA03
PubChem5560 CID 5560
DrugBankDBDB01021
SMILES
C1=C2C(=CC(=C1Cl)S(=O)(=O)N)S(=O)(=O)NC(N2)C(Cl)Cl
Dati farmacologici
Modalità di
somministrazione
Orale
Dati farmacocinetici
BiodisponibilitàAssorbita in modo variabile dal tratto GI
Emivita1-4 ore
EscrezioneRenale (immodificata con le urine)
Indicazioni di sicurezza

La triclormetiazide è un diuretico tiazidico con proprietà simili a quelle della idroclorotiazide.[1] A parità di dosaggio sembra essere più efficace di altri diuretici della stessa famiglia.
L'effetto diuretico si manifesta entro due ore dalla somministrazione e dura circa 24 ore.

Farmacocinetica

La triclormetiazide è rapidamente assorbita dal tratto gastrointestinale. Entro 1-3,5 ore dalla somministrazione di una singola dose orale di 4 mg si sono ottenute concentrazioni plasmatiche massime comprese tra 0,027 e 0,067 µg/ml. L'emivita plasmatica varia tra 1 e 4 ore (media di 2 ore), e aumenta in caso di insufficienza renale. Circa il 70% di farmaco è escreto immodificato nelle urine in 48 ore, la maggior parte nelle prime 8 ore.[2] Il farmaco si ritrova nel latte materno.[3][4]

Tossicologia

Il valore della dose letale orale nel ratto è > 20 g/kg.[5]

Usi clinici

La triclormetiazide è indicata nel trattamento dell'edema, sia di origine cardiaca[6][7] sia di origine epatica[8] o renale. Il diuretico è impiegato anche nel trattamento dell'ipertensione arteriosa,[9][10] da solo[11] o in associazione con altri antiipertensivi.[12]

Controindicazioni

Il farmaco è controindicato in soggetti noti per ipersensibilità ai diuretici tiazidici o alle sulfonamidi, e nei pazienti affetti da grave insufficienza renale.

Effetti collaterali e indesiderati

Tra gli effetti collaterali che possono essere indotti dal farmaco si segnala l'anoressia, disturbi epigastrici, l'ipopotassiemia, l'ipotensione arteriosa e la fototossicità. Con minore frequenza sono state segnalate ipomagnesemia, iposodiemia, ipercalcemia, iperuricemia e intolleranza al glucosio.[13][14]

Dosi terapeutiche

Nel trattamento dell'edema la dose usuale di triclormetiazide è di 1–4 mg al giorno o a giorni alterni. Nel trattamento dell'ipertensione la dose usuale è di 2–4 mg al giorno. Il farmaco può essere somministrato da solo o in associazione con altri antiipertensivi. In alcuni pazienti può essere sufficiente 1 mg al giorno. Nei bambini si consiglia un dosaggio di 70 µg/kg/die in un'unica o in due somministrazioni.

In alcuni pazienti e in particolare dopo somministrazioni prolungate del farmaco possono rendersi necessari supplementi di potassio.

Note

  1. ^ DrugBank: DB01021 (Trichlormethiazide) (TXT), su redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca, DrugBank. URL consultato il 23 gennaio 2008.
  2. ^ Sketris IS, Skoutakis VA, Acchiardo SR, Meyer MC, The pharmacokinetics of trichlormethiazide in hypertensive patients with normal and compromised renal function, in Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., vol. 20, n. 6, 1981, pp. 453–7, PMID 7286056.
  3. ^ Fuchs M, Newman BE, Seller RH, The clinical pharmacology of trichlormethiazide (Naqua), in Curr Ther Res Clin Exp, vol. 3, marzo 1961, pp. 116–24, PMID 13702380.
  4. ^ Taylor RM, Maren TH, The pharmacology of trichlormethiazide, a benzothiadiazine diuretic, in J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., vol. 140, maggio 1963, pp. 249–57, PMID 13980371.
  5. ^ Goldenthal EI, A compilation of LD50 values in newborn and adult animals, in Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., vol. 18, n. 1, gennaio 1971, pp. 185–207, PMID 5542824.
  6. ^ Hutcheon DE, Takasu T, The diuretic action of trichlormethiazide in patients with congestive heart failure, in Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., vol. 1, 1960, pp. 444–8, PMID 14405620.
  7. ^ Becker MC, Trichlormethiazide in the management of congestive heart failure, in J Med Soc N J, vol. 58, agosto 1961, pp. 422–6, PMID 13688466.
  8. ^ (DE) Huedepohl M, Lederboen K, [Treatment of hepatogenic fluid retentions with trichlormethiazide (Esmarin)], in Munch Med Wochenschr, vol. 104, marzo 1962, pp. 465–7, PMID 14449712.
  9. ^ (JA) Tetsuka U, Oguro Y, Motoki Y, [Clinical experiences with trichlormethiazide in essential hypertension], in Naika Hokan, vol. 9, maggio 1962, pp. 249–54, PMID 13920451.
  10. ^ Ernst EM, Treat edema, hypertension with trichlormethiazide. Preliminary report on 67 patients, in Pa Med J, vol. 63, novembre 1960, pp. 1629–31, PMID 13697242.
  11. ^ BARENBERG RL, GIFFORD RW, Treatment of hypertension with trichlormethiazide. Evaluation of this drug as sole therapeutic agent, in Ohio Med, vol. 59, agosto 1963, pp. 805–8, PMID 13966640.
  12. ^ Ernst EM, Trichlormethiazide-reserpine combination in hypertension, in Curr Ther Res Clin Exp, vol. 3, aprile 1961, pp. 167–73, PMID 13697243.
  13. ^ Wolff FW, Clinical and physiological implications of diabetes induced by benzothiadiazines, in Diabetes, vol. 13, 1964, pp. 203–5, PMID 14127434.
  14. ^ Takahashi Y, Nishida Y, Nakayama T, Asai S, Adverse effect profile of trichlormethiazide: a retrospective observational study, in Cardiovasc Diabetol, vol. 10, 2011, p. 45, DOI:10.1186/1475-2840-10-45, PMC 3118327, PMID 21605415.

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