Serie di Grandi

La somma infinita 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ..., chiamata anche serie di Grandi, scoperta da Guido Grandi nel 1703, è una serie simile alla serie 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + · · · e alla serie 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + · · · (o serie sommativa unitaria).

Essa si può rappresentare con la formula:

La serie di Grandi è irregolare, nel senso che la successione delle sue somme parziali non possiede limite. Tuttavia la sua somma di Cesaro (che è un'estensione del concetto classico di serie convergente basata sulle somme parziali) è . In modo informale (e senza tenere effettivamente conto dell'applicabilità di metodi algebrici a serie non convergenti), tale serie può essere riscritta sia come:

dove l'evidente risultato della sommatoria è 0, sia come:

dove il risultato della sommatoria è evidentemente 1. Esiste però un terzo modo per scrivere la serie:

da cui:

Quindi, quello che intuitivamente ci si aspetta dalla serie di Grandi è che la sua somma, che non esiste, dovrebbe essere . E questo è quello che la somma di Cesaro coglie estendendo il concetto di convergenza.

Guido Grandi, nel suo libro Quadratura circula et hyperbolae per infinitas hyperbolas geometrice exhibita, ottenne il terzo risultato a partire da una variante della serie geometrica, utilizzando lo sviluppo binomiale

con .[1]

Definizioni rigorose della somma

Con la definizione classica di somma della serie come limite delle somme parziali, la serie di Grandi non converge ed è oscillante.

Tuttavia, esistono definizioni generalizzate della somma di una serie, come la già richiamata somma di Cesaro, la somma di Abel, la somma di Eulero, che forniscono il valore 1/2.

In particolare, la somma di Cesaro definisce la somma della serie come il limite della media delle somme parziali, che è appunto 1/2.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Morris Kline, Euler and Infinite Series, in Mathematics Magazine, vol. 56, n. 5, MAA, 1983, pp. 307-314.

Bibliografia

  • Konrad Knopp, Theory and Application of Infinite Series. Dover, 1922. ISBN 0-486-66165-2
  • Harry Davis, Fourier Series and Orthogonal Functions. Dover, 1989. ISBN 0-486-65973-9
  • Keith Devlin, Mathematics, the science of patterns: the search for order in life, mind, and the universe. Scientific American Library, 1994. ISBN 0-7167-6022-3
  • Morris Kline, Euler and Infinite Series. Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 56, No. 5 (Nov., 1983),

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