Punto di equilibrio

Un punto di equilibrio di un sistema dinamico è un punto in corrispondenza del quale l'evoluzione del sistema è stazionaria.

Dato un sistema autonomo , il vettore è un punto di equilibrio se . In tal caso la funzione è una soluzione (stazionaria) per ogni . Le soluzioni stazionarie sono tutti e soli i punti di equilibrio dell'equazione, la cui ricerca coincide quindi con il trovare gli zeri del campo vettoriale .

Definizione

Se il sistema dinamico è determinato da una equazione differenziale (o un sistema di equazioni):

un punto di equilibrio è un punto tale che per ogni . Questa condizione implica infatti che:

da cui, integrando, si ottiene indipendentemente dal tempo , ovvero il sistema tende a rimanere immutato alle condizioni descritte dal punto . Di particolare interesse è lo studio delle derivate (o la jacobiana) di in corrispondenza dei punti di equilibrio, poiché fornisce diverse informazioni sul comportamento locale della soluzione.

Se il sistema dinamico è determinato da un'equazione di ricorrenza:

allora un punto di equilibrio è un punto che sia un punto fisso delle mappe , ovvero tale che per ogni n.

Stabilità

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Stabilità interna e Varietà stabile.

I punti di equilibrio possono essere classificati linearizzando l'equazione, e osservando il segno degli autovalori della matrice jacobiana (relativa al sistema linearizzato) valutata nel punto di equilibrio.

Un punto di equilibrio è iperbolico se nessuno degli autovalori ha parte reale nulla. Se tutti gli autovalori hanno parte reale negativa il punto di equilibrio è stabile, mentre se almeno un autovalore ha parte reale positiva l'equilibrio è instabile. Infine, se ci sono almeno un autovalore che ha parte reale positiva e uno che ha parte reale negativa, il punto è un punto di sella.

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

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