Lingua malayalam

Disambiguazione – "Malayalam" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando l'omonimo blocco Unicode, vedi Malayalam (Unicode).
Malayalam
മലയാളം (malayāḷaṁ)
Parlato inIndia (bandiera) India
Emirati Arabi Uniti (bandiera) Emirati Arabi Uniti
Malaysia (bandiera) Malaysia
Singapore (bandiera) Singapore
RegioniAsia meridionale
Locutori
Totale37,2 milioni di parlanti (Ethnologue, 2022)
Classifica37 (2019)
Altre informazioni
Scritturascrittura malayalam, alfabeto arabo
TipoSOV
Tassonomia
FilogenesiLingue dravidiche
 Lingue dravidiche meridionali
  Lingue tamil-kannada
   Lingue tamil-kodagu
    Lingue tamil-malayalam
     Lingue tamil
      Malayalam
Statuto ufficiale
Ufficiale inIndia (bandiera) India ( Kerala, Puducherry, Laccadive)
Codici di classificazione
ISO 639-1ml
ISO 639-2mal
ISO 639-3mal (EN)
Glottologmala1464 (EN)
Linguasphere49-EBE-ba
Estratto in lingua
Dichiarazione universale dei diritti umani, art. 1
മനുഷ്യരെല്ലാവരും തുല്യാവകാശങ്ങളോടും അന്തസ്സോടും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തോടുംകൂടി ജനിച്ചവരാണ്. അന്യോന്യം ഭ്രാത്രുഭാവത്തോടെ പെരുമാറുവാനാണ് മനുഷ്യന്നു വിവേകബുദ്ധിയും മനസ്സാക്ഷിയും സിദ്ധമായിരിക്കുന്നത്.
Traslitterazione
Manuṣyarellāvarum tulyāvakāśan̄n̄aḷōṭum antassōṭum svātantryattōtumkūṭi janiccavarāṇ. Anyōnyam bhrātrubāvattoṭe perumāṛuvānāṇa manuṣyannu vivēkabuddhiyum manaṣṣākṣiyum siddhamāyirikkunnat.
In blu scuro le aree a maggioranza malayalam, in blu chiaro quelle dove vi è la presenza di minoranze significative che si esprimono in malayalam

La lingua malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) è una lingua dravidica meridionale parlata in India, principalmente nello stato federato del Kerala.

Al 2022, è parlata da 37,2 milioni di parlanti totali[1].

Distribuzione geografica

Il malayalam è diffuso principalmente in India, dove nel 2001 sono stati censiti circa 33 milioni di locutori, di cui quasi 31 milioni nel Kerala[2]. A questi vanno aggiunti i parlanti emigrati all'estero; secondo Ethnologue la lingua è attestata in Bahrein, Canada, Emirati Arabi Uniti, Figi, Israele, Malaysia, Qatar, Regno Unito, Singapore (10.000 locutori) e Stati Uniti d'America. Nel 2019, i parlanti sono cresciuti a 37,1 (contando solo quelli madrelingua), per poi arrivare a 37,2 nel 2022.

Un madrelingua malayalam è chiamato Malayalee, oppure Keraleeyan, Keralite, Mallu, o ancora Malabari.

Lingua ufficiale

È una delle 22 lingue ufficialmente riconosciute dall'allegato VIII della Costituzione dell'India.[3]

È la lingua ufficiale dello stato indiano del Kerala,[4] Laccadive, e del distretto di Mahe nel territorio di Pondicherry.[5]

Classificazione

La lingua appartiene alla famiglia delle lingue dravidiche.

Insieme al tamil, toda, kota, kodava takk e al kannada, il malayalam appartiene al gruppo meridionale delle lingue dravidiche.

Storia

Un cartellone recante scritte in malayalam. La lingua è parlata negli stati del Kerala, delle Laccadive e del Pondicherry occidentale.
Un uomo canta in lingua malayalam in uno spettacolo poetico
Una lectio in lingua.

Sia la lingua che la sua scrittura sono molto simili al tamil. La sua affinità al tamil è notevole: infatti, il proto-tamil-malayalam sembra si sia diversificato nelle attuali due lingue in un periodo di quattro o cinque secoli a partire dal nono secolo in poi. Il tamil, usato nell'istruzione e nell'amministrazione, ha influito notevolmente sullo sviluppo iniziale del malayalam. Successivamente, l'influenza dei nambuthiri (o bramini del Kerala), il commercio con gli arabi e la conquista del Kerala da parte dei portoghesi hanno indotto l'assimilazione nel malayalam di diversi elementi delle lingue romanze, semitiche e indoarie.

Sistema di scrittura

Un discorso in lingua

Il malayalam ha un sistema di scrittura proprio, di tipo abugida, specificamente di famiglia brahmica, chiamato Malayāḷalipi.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) What are the top 200 most spoken languages?, su Ethnologue, 3 ottobre 2018. URL consultato il 27 maggio 2022.
  2. ^ (EN) Census of India - Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages, su censusindia.gov.in. URL consultato il 9 novembre 2012 (archiviato dall'url originale il 17 marzo 2016).
  3. ^ Germano Franceschini e Francesco Misuraca, 1.11. Le lingue del diritto indiano, in India: diritto commerciale, doganale e fiscale, Wolters Kluwer Italia, 2006, p. 16, ISBN 88-217-2356-9.
  4. ^ The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969, su lawsofindia.org. URL consultato il 9 novembre 2012.
  5. ^ The Puducherry Official Languages Act, 1965 (PDF), su lawsofindia.org. URL consultato il 26 novembre 2012.

Voci correlate

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Controllo di autoritàThesaurus BNCF 35069 · LCCN (ENsh85080087 · BNF (FRcb126508899 (data) · J9U (ENHE987007545956905171 · NDL (ENJA00567489

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