Lingua bambara

Bambara
Bamanankan
Parlato inBandiera del Mali Mali
Bandiera del Burkina Faso Burkina Faso
Bandiera della Costa d'Avorio Costa d'Avorio
Bandiera del Gambia Gambia
Bandiera della Guinea Guinea
Bandiera della Mauritania Mauritania
Bandiera della Francia Francia
RegioniAfrica occidentale
Locutori
Totale14,7 milioni (Ethnologue, 2022)
Classificanon nelle prime 100
Altre informazioni
ScritturaAlfabeto latino, arabo, N'Ko
TipoSOV
Tassonomia
FilogenesiLingue niger-kordofaniane
 Lingue mande
  Lingue mande occidentali
   Lingue mande centro-sudoccidentali
    Lingue mande centrali
     Lingue mandingo-jogo
      Lingue mandingo-vai
       Lingue mandingo-mokole
        Lingue mandingo
         Lingue mandingo orientali
          Lingue mandingo nordorientali
           Lingue bamana
            Bambara
Codici di classificazione
ISO 639-1bm
ISO 639-2bam
ISO 639-3bam (EN)
Glottologbamb1269 (EN)
Estratto in lingua
Dichiarazione universale dei diritti umani, art. 1
Hadamaden bɛɛ danmakɛɲɛnen bɛ bange, danbe ni josira la. Hakili ni taasi b'u bɛɛ la, wa u ka kan ka badenɲasira de waleya u ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ.

La lingua bambara, chiamata anche bamanankan (letteralmente lingua dei Bamanan), è una lingua mandingo parlata in Mali.

Al 2022, è parlata da 14,2 milioni di parlanti totali[1].

Distribuzione geografica

Il bambara è parlato come madrelingua dal popolo Bambara, e come seconda lingua dalla maggior parte degli altri gruppi etnici del Mali. La lingua è uno degli idiomi più diffusi dell'Africa Occidentale.

Dialetti e lingue derivate

La lingua è suddivisa in diverse forme dialettali, tra cui: somono, segou, san, beledugu, ganadugu, wasulu e sikasso.

Grammatica

Come la maggior parte delle lingue mande, il bambara è una lingua tonale, sprovvista di classi nominali, e ha una struttura di tipo Soggetto Oggetto Verbo (SOV).

Una caratteristica distintiva di questo linguaggio è il fatto che, specialmente nelle aree urbane, esso presenta un gran numero di prestiti linguistici da parte delle lingue affini, ma anche dal francese. Questa caratteristica l'ha resa una lingua particolarmente facile da apprendere e ne ha favorito la diffusione come lingua franca in molte aree dell'Africa Occidentale.

Classificazione

Il bambara appartiene all'ampia famiglia linguistica delle lingue mande, e alla più ristretta famiglia delle lingue mandingo. È strettamente imparentato con il dioula, ma è anche piuttosto simile alle altre lingue mandingo, come il mandinka e il malinké.

La classificazione proposta da Ethnologue è la seguente[2]:

Arte e letteratura

Il bambara è stato tradizionalmente tramandato dai griot (Jɛliw in bambara), poeti girovaghi dell'Africa Occidentale. esso ha pertanto una tradizione orale molto ricca. La scrittura si è diffusa soltanto dopo la colonizzazione francese del Mali, e utilizza prevalentemente caratteri latini (con l'aggiunta delle vocali ɛ e ɔ) o l'Alfabeto N'Ko.

In tempi contemporanei il bambara è stato spesso utilizzato da musicisti maliani, tra cui Oumou Sangaré, Rokia Traoré, Ali Farka Touré, Habib Koité, e Amadou & Mariam. Testi in bambara sono presenti nell'album di Stevie Wonder Journey through the Secret Life of Plants.

Il destino, uno dei film più significativi della cinematografia maliana[3] è stato girato in questa lingua.[4]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) What are the top 200 most spoken languages?, su Ethnologue, 3 ottobre 2018. URL consultato il 28 maggio 2022.
  2. ^ Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: https://www.ethnologue.com/.
  3. ^ Mali, in Enciclopedia del cinema, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2003-2004.
  4. ^ In Mali, cultural life defies hardships, in The Christian Science Monitor.

Voci correlate

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