Eudicotiledoni

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Eudicotiledoni
Senecio angulatus
Intervallo geologico
Cretacico inferiore–presente
Classificazione APG IV
DominioEukaryota
RegnoPlantae
(clade)Angiosperme
(clade)Mesangiosperme
(clade)Eudicotiledoni
Classificazione Cronquist
taxon non contemplato
Cladi e ordini
vedi testo
Polline di Arabis: sono visibili i tre colpi

Le eudicotiledoni sono un clade di piante a fiore che si distinguono per la produzione di polline tricolpato, o forme derivate da esso. Le eudicotiledoni sono chiamate anche tricolpate o dicotiledoni non magnoliidi; questi termini furono introdotti nel 1991 dai botanici James A. Doyle e Carol L. Hotton per mostrare la divergenza evolutiva delle dicotiledoni tricolpate rispetto alle dicotiledoni più primitive.[1]

La maggior parte delle latifoglie delle zone temperate fa parte delle eudicotiledoni, con l'eccezione di magnolie e alberi dei tulipani, che sono parte del clade magnoliidi.

Descrizione

La sinapomorfia delle eudicotiledoni sono le tre scanalature (colpi) parallele all'asse polare presenti sui granuli pollinici.[2] La stretta parentela tra le piante dotate di polline tricolpato fu inizialmente individuata con studi morfologici; la base genetica di questa relazione evolutiva fu confermata in seguito da analisi molecolari.

Le eudicotiledoni comprendono la maggior parte delle piante che sono state considerate dicotiledoni e che hanno le caratteristiche delle dicotiledoni; il termine eudicotiledoni è quindi utilizzato per indicare uno dei due più grandi cladi di angiosperme (ad esso appartengono 70% delle specie di angiosperme). L'altro grande clade sono le monocotiledoni. Le angiosperme rimanenti sono classificate o nel gruppo delle angiosperme basali, anche note come "paleodicotiledoni", o nel clade magnoliidi.

Tassonomia

Le eudicotiledoni erano in precedenza note come tricolpate, nome che mette in evidenza la differenza tra questo gruppo e le altre spermatofite, la cui maggioranza produce polline monosolcato.[3][4] Alcuni botanici preferiscono ancora questo nome per evitare la confusione con le dicotiledoni, un gruppo non monofiletico.[4]

Il nome eudicotiledoni (al plurale) è stato utilizzato dalla classificazione APG dal 1998 per la classificazione delle angiosperme, ed è considerato un clade, cioè un gruppo monofiletico.

Suddivisione

Le eudicotiledoni possono essere divisi in due gruppi: le eudicotiledoni basali e le Eudicotiledoni centrali.[5] "Eudicotiledoni basali" è un nome informale per un gruppo parafiletico, mentre le eudicotiledoni superiori sono un gruppo monofiletico.[6] Il seguente cladogramma rappresenta la composizione filogenetica delle eudicotiledoni:[7]


eudicotiledoni
eudicotiledoni basali

(gruppo parafiletico: Ranunculales, Proteales, Trochodendrales, Buxales)

Eudicotiledoni centrali

Gunnerales

Dilleniales

superrosidi

Saxifragales

rosidi

Vitales

eurosidi

eurosidi I
(fabidi)

COM (incertae sedis)

eurosidi II
(malvidi)

superasteridi

Santalales

Berberidopsidales

Caryophyllales

asteridi

Cornales

Ericales

euasteridi

euasteridi I
(lamiidi)

euasteridi II
(campanulidi)

Albero filogenetico degli ordini (APG IV)

Note

  1. ^ (EN) P.K. Endress, Morphology and Angiosperm Systematics in the Molecular Era (PDF), in Botanical Review, Structural Botany in Systematics: A Symposium in Memory of William C. Dickison, vol. 68, n. 4, 2002, pp. 545–570, DOI:10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0545:maasit]2.0.co;2, JSTOR 4354438.
  2. ^ (EN) M. Coiro, J.A. Doyle e J. Hilton, How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms?, in New Phytologist, vol. 223, n. 1, 25 gennaio 2019, pp. 83–99, DOI:10.1111/nph.15708, PMID 30681148.
  3. ^ (EN) K.R. Sporne, Some Observations on the Evolution of Pollen Types in Dicotyledons, in New Phytologist, vol. 71, n. 1, 1972, pp. 181–5, DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1972.tb04826.x.
  4. ^ a b Judd & Olmstead, 2004.
  5. ^ (EN) A. Worberg, D. Quandt, A-M Barniske, C. Löhne, K.W. Hilu e T. Borsch, Phylogeny of basal eudicots: insights from non-coding and rapidly evolving DNA, in Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, vol. 7, n. 1, 2007, pp. 55–77, DOI:10.1016/j.ode.2006.08.001.
  6. ^ (EN) Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S Soltis, Peter K. Endress e Mark W. Chase, Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms, Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates, 2005, ISBN 978-0-87893-817-9.
  7. ^ APG IV, 2016, p. 4.

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