Acetato di metile

Acetato di metile
Nome IUPAC
acetato di metile
Abbreviazioni
AcOMe
Nomi alternativi
etanoato di metile (sistematico)
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC3H6O2
Massa molecolare (u)74,08
Aspettoliquido incolore
Numero CAS79-20-9
Numero EINECS201-185-2
PubChem6584
SMILES
CC(=O)OC
Proprietà chimico-fisiche
Densità (g/cm3, in c.s.)0,93 g/mL
Indice di rifrazione1,3614
Solubilità in acqua330 g/L
Coefficiente di ripartizione 1-ottanolo/acqua0,73
Temperatura di fusione−98,05 °C (175,1 K)
Temperatura di ebollizione57 °C (330,15 K)
Indicazioni di sicurezza
Simboli di rischio chimico
infiammabile irritante
pericolo
Frasi H225 - 319 - 336 - EUH066
Consigli P210 - 233 - 305+351+338 [1]

L'acetato di metile (nome sistematico etanoato di metile) è l'estere dell'acido acetico con il metanolo, avente formula molecolare CH3CO−O−CH3, la quale mostra un acetile unito ad un metile tramite un ponte ossigeno, per cui a volte viene rappresentata, usando i rispettivi simboli, come AcOMe.[2][3]

A temperatura ambiente si presenta come liquido incolore volatile, infiammabile, dall'odore gradevolmente fragrante, per il quale è usato anche come componente di profumi; è anche un buon solvente per essenze, colle o vernici.[4]

Come per altri esteri, in soluzione acquosa e in presenza di acidi o basi forti non è stabile e subisce idrolisi. L'acetato di metile è un solvente polare aprotico (momento dipolare 1,69 D[5]) solubile in acqua e solubile in ogni rapporto in alcool e in etere;[6] tuttavia, nel ruolo di solvente quasi sempre gli viene preferito l'acetato di etile, meno tossico e molto meno solubile in acqua.

L'acetato di metile è anche un prodotto naturale, presente in alcune piante come Peristeria elata e Coffea arabica.[7]

Preparazione e reazioni

L'acetato di metile è prodotto industrialmente mediante carbonilazione del metanolo come sottoprodotto della produzione di acido acetico.[8] L'acetato di metile è il prodotto della reazione diesterificazione dell'acido acetico con il metanolo, che viene condotta con l'aggiunta alla loro miscela di una piccola quantità di acido solforico concentrato (5-10%) che, oltre a fornire la catalisi acida per la reazione, sottraendo acqua, sposta l'equilibrio a favore dell'estere:[9]

CH3COOH + CH3OH   ⇄   CH3COOCH3 + H2O

Si può ottenere anche dalla reazione con metanolo dell'anidride acetica o del cloruro di acetile (reazioni di sostituzione nucleofila al carbonile[10]):[11]

CH3CO−O−COCH3 + CH3OH   →   CH3COOCH3 + CH3COOH

CH3CO−Cl + CH3OH   →   CH3COOCH3 + HCl

Reazioni

In presenza di basi forti come idrossido di sodio o acidi forti come acido cloridrico o acido solforico, viene reidratato in metanolo e acido acetico, specialmente a temperature elevate. La conversione di metil acetato nei suoi componenti, per mezzo di un acido, è una reazione di primo ordine rispetto all'estere. La reazione dell'acetato di metile con una base, ad esempio idrossido di sodio, è una reazione del secondo ordine rispetto a entrambi i reagenti.

L'acetato di metile può venire carbonilato in presenza di catalizzatori a base di rodio e dare l'anidride acetica[12][13] in una reazione apparentemente analoga a quella della carbonilazione del metanolo menzionata sopra, ma con sottili differenze meccanicistiche.[14]

Applicazioni

Un uso importante dell'acetato di metile è come solvente volatile a bassa tossicità in colle, vernici e smalti per unghie.

Note

  1. ^ Sigma Aldrich; rev. del 07.08.2012
  2. ^ POC abbreviations: Chemistry 130 course documents archive: Projects and hosted sites archive: Swain Library, su web.stanford.edu. URL consultato il 13 febbraio 2024.
  3. ^ methyl acetate (CHEBI:77700), su www.ebi.ac.uk. URL consultato il 13 febbraio 2024.
  4. ^ Methyl acetate CAS#: 79-20-9, su www.chemicalbook.com. URL consultato il 13 febbraio 2024.
  5. ^ methyl acetate, su www.stenutz.eu. URL consultato il 13 febbraio 2024.
  6. ^ The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals, 13th ed, Merck, 2001, ISBN 978-0-911910-13-1.
  7. ^ (EN) PubChem, Methyl acetate, su pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. URL consultato il 13 febbraio 2024.
  8. ^ Hosea Cheung, Robin S. Tanke, G. Paul Torrence “Acetic Acid” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. DOI10.1002/14356007.a01_045
  9. ^ I. L. Finar, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The fundamental principles, Fourth Edition, Longmans, 1963, p. 187.
  10. ^ J. B. Hendrickson, D. J. Cram e G. S. Hammond, 13 - Gruppi carbonilici e affini: sostituzione nucleofilica, in CHIMICA ORGANICA, traduzione di A. Fava, 2ª ed., Piccin, 1973, pp. 76-78.
  11. ^ I. L. Finar, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The fundamental principles, Fourth Edition, Longmans, 1963, p. 190.
  12. ^ (EN) Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 1ª ed., Wiley, 11 marzo 2003, DOI:10.1002/14356007.a01_065, ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4. URL consultato il 13 febbraio 2024.
  13. ^ Joseph R. Zoeller, Victor H. Agreda e Steven L. Cook, Eastman chemical company acetic anhydride process, in Catalysis Today, vol. 13, n. 1, 11 marzo 1992, pp. 73–91, DOI:10.1016/0920-5861(92)80188-S. URL consultato il 13 febbraio 2024.
  14. ^ Zoeller, J. R., Agreda, V. H., Cook, S. L., Lafferty, N. L., Polichnowski, S. W. e Pond, D. M., Eastman Chemical Company Acetic Anhydride Process, in Catalysis Today, vol. 13, 1992, pp. 73–91, DOI:10.1016/0920-5861(92)80188-S.

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Controllo di autoritàGND (DE4153058-5
  Portale Chimica: il portale della scienza della composizione, delle proprietà e delle trasformazioni della materia

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