Ommejadar

Landvinningar Ommejada:
  Landvinningar Múhameðs, 622–632
  Landvinningar Rashida, 632–661
  Landvinningar Ommejada, 661–750

Ommejadar (arabíska: الخلافة الأموية‎, umr. Al-Ḫilāfa al-ʾumawiyya), einnig ritað Ómajadar eða Úmmajadar, var annað í röð þeirra fjögurra kalífadæma sem voru stofnuð eftir lát Múhameðs. Það dregur nafn sitt af ætt Umayya (arabíska: الأمويون‎, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, eða بنو أمية, Banū ʾUmayya, „synir Umayya“) af Quraysh-ættbálknum frá borginni Mekka. Fyrsti kalífinn af þessari ætt var Uthman ibn Affan sem ríkti frá 644 til 655 en ættarveldið stofnaði Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan í kjölfar Fyrstu íslömsku borgarastyrjaldarinnar árið 661. Hann var landstjóri í Sýrlandi og gerði Damaskus að höfuðborg kalífadæmisins. Ommejadar héldu landvinningum múslima áfram og lögðu Kákasus, Transoxíönu, Sindh, Magreb og Íberíu undir sig. Á hátindi sínum náði kalífadæmið yfir 15 milljónir ferkílómetra. Það var stærsta heimsveldi mannkynssögunnar fram að þeim tíma og það fimmta stærsta allra tíma.

Eftir lát fyrsta kalífans 680 braust Önnur íslamska borgarastyrjöldin út. Henni lauk þegar Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan náði völdum og tókst að sigra alla keppinauta sína eftir tólf ára átök. Berbauppreisnin 740-743 og Þriðja íslamska borgarastyrjöldin 744-747 veiktu ríkið og árið 750 gerðu Abbasídar uppreisn og steyptu Ommejödum af stóli. Ein grein ættarinnar flúði til al-Andalus í Evrópu þar sem hún stofnaði löngu síðar Kalífadæmið í Córdoba.

  Þessi grein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.

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