Ortografía de antigo nórdico

A Pedra de Rök, en Östergötland, Suecia.

A ortografía do antigo nórdico foi diversa, sendo escrita nos alfabetos rúnico e latino, con moitas convencións de ortografía, variantes de letras, letras únicas e sinais. En tempos modernos, os estudosos estableceron unha ortografía estandarizada para a linguaxe. Cando os nomes en nórdico antigo son usados ​​en textos noutras linguas, moitas veces realízanse modificacións nesta ortografía. En particular, os nomes dos personaxes da mitoloxía nórdica moitas veces teñen varias grafías diferentes.

Ortografía no alfabeto latino

A táboa seguinte contén varias grafías atestadas de sons e as súas transcricións no IPA. No uso xeral, a distinción ortográfica de sons ou fonemas non é necesariamente realizado por cada escritor. Por exemplo, un autor só pode distinguir algunhas vogais pola súa lonxitude, polo que as convencións ortográficas poden ser mesturadas e combinadas. Cando a táboa relaciona un fonema longo ou curto- /(ː)/, especificamente un curto // ou longo /ː/ represéntanse grafías adicionais non previstas nas regras de lonxitude marcada.

Ortografía latina das vogais do antigo nórdico
Fonema /i(ː)/ /i/U /e(ː)/ /æ(ː)/ /æ/ /æː/ /y(ː)/ /ø(ː)/ /ø/ /øː/
Uso xeral i i, e, æ e, æ æ, ę e N/A y ø, ö, œ N/A
Normalización estándar i e N/A ę æ y N/A ø œ
Fonema /u(ː)/ /u/U /o(ː)/ /ɑ(ː)/ /ɑ/U /ɒ/ /æi/ /ɒu/ /ɐy/ /Vː/
Uso xeral u u, o o a a, æ ǫ, o, aE ei, ęi, æi au ey, øy V, V́, VV
Normalización estándar u o a ǫ ei au ey
Ortografía latina das consoantes do antigo nórdico
Fonema /p(ː)/ /b(ː)/ /m(ː)/ /f/ [v] /θ/ [ð] /t(ː)/ /d(ː)/ /n(ː)/
Uso xeral p b m f ff, u, ffu þ, th ð, dh, d t d n
Normalización estándar p b m f N/A þ ð t d n
Fonema /l(ː)/ /lː/ /s(ː)/ /r(ː)/ /ɽ(ː)/ /j/ /w/ /k(ː)/ /g(ː)/ [ɣ]
Uso xeral l s r r i, j u, v, ƿ, ꝩ k, c g gh
Normalización estándar l N/A s r j v k g N/A
Fonema /h/ /hw, hr, hl, hn/ [ts] [t, d, ð, n]+[s] [ks] [gs] [kw] /Cː/
Uso xeral h h(S) z x gx[1]E qu, qv, kv, &c. CC, C
Normalización estándar h h(S) z N/A x N/A N/A CC

Lenda:

  • U: Non acentuado
  • E: Principalmente do leste
  • (ː): Longo ou curto.

As vogais baixa / baixa-media poden ser indicadas de forma diferente:

  • /æ/ = /ɛ/
  • /ɒ/ = /ɔ/
  • /ɑ/ = /a/

Sons de dialectos específicos:

Ortografía no alfabeto rúnico

A táboa seguinte asocia os fonemas da lingua coas súas representacións ortográficas. A nasalización e a duración das vogais non son distinguidos na táboa nin en ningunha ortografía. Non se distingue entre /æi/ e /æ/+/i/.

Ortografía rúnica das vogais do antigo nórdico
Fonema /i(ː)/ /eː/ /i/U, /e/ /æ(ː)/ /y(ː)/ /ø(ː)/ /u(ː)/ /u/U /o(ː)/ /ɑ(ː)/ /ɒ(ː)/ /ɑ̃(ː)/ /ɒu/, /ɐy/
Futhark recente, séculos VIII-XII ᛆ/ᛅ, ᚬ/ᚭ ᚢ, ᚬ/ᚭ ᛆ/ᛅ ᛆ/ᛅ, ᛅᚢ/ᛆᚢ ᚬ/ᚭ ᛅᚢ/ᛆᚢ
Runas medievais, séculos XI-XIV ᚤ, ᛦ ᛆᚢ
Ortografía rúnica das consoantes do antigo nórdico
Fonema /p/ /b/ /f/ [v] /t/ /d/ /θ/ [ð] /s/ [ts] /k/ /g/ /h/
Futhark recente, séculos VIII-XII
Runas medievais, séculos XI-XIV
Fonema /m/ /n/ /ɾ/ /ɽ/ /l/ /j/ /w/ /Cː/
Futhark recente, séculos VIII-XII N/A
Runas medievais, séculos XI-XIV C, CC
  • U: Non acentuado.

Nomes comúns

Nomes comúns en antigo nórdico con diferentes formas de escrita.

Deuses (en antigo nórdico chamados Æsir)

Deusas

Animais

Xigantes

Lugares

Xigantas

Outros

Notas

  1. Gordon and Taylor Old Norse readings - konungx for normalized konungs
  2. Cleasby-Vigfússon: Málsnjallr-Máttigr Arquivado 16 de xaneiro de 2010 en Wayback Machine.; Mánuðr, alternado con mónoðr

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