Grand maître des cérémonies de France

Le grand maître des cérémonies de France est, sous l'Ancien Régime et la Restauration, l'officier de la Maison du roi chargé d'ordonner toutes les cérémonies publiques de la couronne de France.

Rôle

Le grand maître des cérémonies s'occupe des « cérémonials d'État » (Ralph E. Giesey) et non d'étiquette, c'est-à-dire de la vie publique du gouvernant et non de sa vie privée. Sont de sa compétence les naissances, baptêmes, mariages et enterrements de la famille royale, les réceptions d'ambassadeurs, les festins royaux, les entrées royales, les sacres et couronnements, les lits de justice, les États généraux et assemblées de notables, etc.

Les rôles du grand maître sont les suivants :

  • il s'occupe de la logistique des cérémonies (matériels, ouvriers, plans et cartes) ;
  • il porte les messages et convocations du roi auprès du Parlement, des autres cours souveraines et des grands du royaume ;
  • il accompagne le roi et la reine en voyage, ou les souverains étrangers, pour régler les cérémonies prévues sur la route ;
  • il consigne les cérémonies qu'il a réglées dans ses registres, pour servir de jurisprudence et de guide pour les cérémonies futures ;
  • il conseille les courtisans sur leur rôle dans les cérémonies, et veille au bon ordre de leur déroulement.

La charge

La charge a été créée par Henri III par règlement, le , par distraction de la charge de grand maître de France. Pour cette raison, le grand maître des cérémonies prête serment entre les mains de ce dernier.

Elle a été supprimée lors de la chute de la monarchie en 1792, puis a été rétablie lors de la Restauration. Elle perdura sous les régimes impériaux avant de disparaitre en 1870 au sein du Service du Protocole attaché au Ministère des Affaires Étrangères.

Dans l'exercice de ses fonctions le grand maître porte un bâton recouvert de velours noir, à bout et pomme d'ivoire.

Pour l'aider il est assisté d'un introducteur des ambassadeurs, d'un maître des cérémonies et d'aides des cérémonies.

Titulaires

Joachim de Dreux-Brézé n Grand maître des cérémonies, en 1775 pour le sacre de Louis XVI, gravure Charles Emmanuel Patas.

Restaurations

Premier Empire

Second Empire

Continua après l'Empire à assurer les devoirs de sa charge aux obsèques de Napoléon III puis ceux du Prince Impérial


Sous les règnes des rois Louis XV et Louis XVI, au XVIIIe siècle, la charge de grand maître des cérémonies est tenue par une même famille, celle des marquis de Dreux-Brézé.

Bibliographie

  • Sarah Hanley. Les Lits de justice des Rois de France. L’idéologie constitutionnelle dans la légende, le rituel et le discours, Aubier, 1991 ;
  • Ralph E. Giesey, Cérémonial et puissance souveraine : France, XVe et XVIIe siècles. Armand Colin et EHESS, coll. « Cahier des Annales », n° 41 (1987) ;
  • Marie-Lan Taÿ-Pamart (olim Nguyen) et Lucien Bély (dir.), Les Grands Maîtres des cérémonies et le Service des Cérémonies à l'époque moderne (1585–1792) (mémoire de maîtrise en histoire moderne), Paris, université Paris-IV, , 180 p. (lire en ligne)
  • Jean-François Solnon, La Cour de France, Livre de Poche, coll. « Références », 1987.

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