Consonne rétroflexe

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Consonne rétroflexe
Symbole API ◌̢
Numéro API
Unicode U+0322
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
modifier 

En phonétique articulatoire, une consonne rétroflexe ou simplement une rétroflexe est une consonne dont le lieu d'articulation se situe au niveau du palais et dont l'organe constricteur est la pointe de la langue, dirigée vers le haut et l'arrière de la bouche. On emploie aussi, pour parler de la même notion, les expressions consonne cérébrale (terme traditionnel en indologie[1]) ou consonne cacuminale.

Les rétroflexes sont répandues dans les langues indo-aryennes (hindî entre autres) et dans les langues dravidiennes, ainsi qu'en mandarin, en suédois ou en norvégien. Le français ne comporte pas de rétroflexe.

Rétroflexes de l'API

Position de la langue pour une rétroflexe.

Les symboles représentant les rétroflexes sont similaires à ceux utilisés pour les alvéolaires et s'en différencient par un « hameçon » dirigé vers la droite.

L'alphabet phonétique international recense les rétroflexes suivantes :

API Description Exemple
Langue Orthographe API Signification
ʈ Occlusive rétroflexe sourde Hindî टैक्सी [ʈɜːksiː] taxi
ɖ Occlusive rétroflexe voisée Suédois nord [n̪ʊɖ] nord
ʂ Fricative rétroflexe sourde Mandarin 上海 [ʂɑ51ŋxɑi35] Shanghai
ʐ Fricative rétroflexe voisée Mandarin 人 [ʐə51n] personne
ɽ Battue rétroflexe voisée Japonais 腹切り [haɽa.kiɽi] hara-kiri
ɻ Spirante rétroflexe voisée Tamoul தமிழ் [tæmɪɻ] tamoul
ɭ Spirante latérale rétroflexe voisée Suédois Karlstad [kaɭ.stɑːd̪] Karlstad
ɳ Occlusive nasale rétroflexe voisée Hindî गणेश [gaɳeç] Ganesh
ʈ͡ʂ Affriquée rétroflexe sourde Mandarin 中 [ʈ͡ʂ55ŋ] milieu
ɖ͡ʐ Affriquée rétroflexe voisée Malgache dridra [ɖ͡ʐiɖ͡ʐə̥] ulcère
ʈʼ Occlusive éjective rétroflexe sourde
ʂʼ Fricative éjective rétroflexe sourde

Notes et références

  1. ↑ Michael Coulson note cependant qu'il s'agit là d'une « malencontreuse traduction du mot sanskrit mūrdhayana, "produit dans la tête", lui-même inhabituellement imprécis [dans la grammaire du sanskrit] ». In M. Coulon, revised by Richard Gombrich and James Benson, Sanskrit. An Introduction to the Classical Language, London, Teach Yourself Books, 1992 [1976], xxviii, 513 p. (ISBN 978-0340-56867-5) p. 10, n. 1.

Source

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

v · m
Labial
Coronal
(apical, laminal, sub-apical)
Dorsal
Radical ou glottal
Multiple
Voir aussi : Mode d’articulation

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