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Trakzio

Trakzioa ardatz bakarrean

Trakzioa, ingeniaritza eta egituren kalkuluan, gorputz batek jasaten duen barne-indarra da. Bi indar aurkako noranzkoan aplikatzen dira eta gorputza luzatu egiten da. Indar horiekiko elkarzuta den edozein sekziok dituen tentsioak, sekzio honekiko normalak dira eta gorputza luzatzen saiatzen diren indarrekiko aurkako noranzkoa dute. Konpresioaren aurkakoa da, indarrak barrurantz bultzatzen baitu.

Deformazioak

Trakzio-esfortzua jasaten duen gorputz batek deformazio positiboa (luzapena) izango du norabide jakin batean trakzioaren efektuarengatik. Hala ere, norabide horren luzapenak zeharkako norabidearen laburpena dakar; adibidez prisma mekaniko batean, trakzioak “X” ardatzean luzapen bat eragiten badu, aldi berean “Y” eta “Z” ardatzetan uzkurdura bat gertatzen da. Poisson-en koefizientearekiko (ν) proportzionala da uzkurdura hau.

Gorputz solidoetan deformazioak iraunkorrak izan daitezke: kasu honetan gorputzak bere isurpen-puntua gainditzen du eta portaera plastikoa hartzen du; hau da, trakzio-esfortzua etenda ere gorputzak luzapena izaten jarraitzen du. Deformazioak ez badira iraunkorrak, gorputza elastikoa da eta trakzio-indarra aplikatzeari uztean, gorputzak hasierako luzera berreskuratzen du. Gorputzean aplikatutako trakzio-indarren eta bertan sorturiko deformazioen artean erlazioa dago; erlazio hau kartesiar ardatzdun diagrama batekin irudikatzen da. Diagrama honek prozesua irudikatu eta gorputzak duen portaera adierazten du.

Trakzio erresistentzia

Altzairu edo zuraren erresistentzia karakteristikoaren balioarentzat, trakzioz sorturiko nekea edo etenaldi-tentsioaren balioa erabiltzen dira, hau da, trakzioz materialaren etenaldi elastikoa eragin duen karga maximoaren eta materialaren hasierako zeharkako azaleraren arteko zatidura.

Materialen portaera

Prozesu mekaniko ezberdinetan material asko izaten dira trakzioaren eraginpean. Baina arkitekturan eta ingeniaritzan erabiltzen direnak arreta berezia behar dute. Esate baterako harria, zura, hormigoia, altzairua, hainbat metal…

Material bakoitzak trakzioarekiko portaera definitzen duten ezaugarri propioak ditu. Hona hemen adibide batzuk:

Materialak ezaugarri ezberdinen arabera katalogatzen dira. Trakzio-indarrekiko portaera txarra dutenak harri ezaugarridun (naturalak zein artifizialak) materialak dira, adibidez, hormigoia. Horrelako kasuetan egituren kalkuluan ez da aintzat hartzen material hauen erresistentzia-balioa.

Altzairuzko barrek, aldiz, trakzio-esfortzu handiak jasaten dituzte. Horregatik material oso egokitzat hartzen da. Altzairua (irtenguneak dituzten barretan) eta hormigoia batera erabiltzen dira pitzadurak saihesteko. Trakzioa aplikatuz erresistentzia areagotzen da eta hormigoi armatua eratzen da. Hormigoi armatu hau eraikuntza gehienetan erabiltzen da.

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