Salvador de Madariaga

Salvador de Madariaga
Salvador de Madariaga ausammas tema sünnilinnas La Coruñas
Vana Euroopa lipu kujundus, mille autor on Salvador de Madariaga

Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo (23. juuli 1886 A Coruña, Hispaania – 14. detsember 1978 Locarno, Šveits) oli Hispaania diplomaat, kirjanik, ajaloolane ja patsifist.

Üks tema kuulsamaid tsitaate kõlab järgmiselt: "See Euroopa peab sündima. Ja ta sünnib, kui hispaanlased ütlevad "meie Chartres", inglased ütlevad "meie Kraków", itaallased "meie Kopenhaagen" ning sakslased "meie Brugge". Siis hakkab Euroopa elama."

Haridus ja 1920. aastad

Ta lõpetas ülikooli Pariisis, kust sai kraadi inseneriteaduses. Seejärel sai ta kunstide magistri teaduskraadi (MA) Suurbritanniast Oxfordi Ülikoolist. Pärast seda asus ta insenerina tööle ühte Põhja-Hispaania raudtee-ettevõttesse, kuid loobus tööst, et minna tagasi Londonisse ning hakataja ajakirja The Times inglise keeles kirjutavaks ajakirjanikuks. Sel ajal ilmusid ka tema esimesed esseed.

1921. aastal sai temast Rahvasteliidu sekretariaadi pressiliige ning 1922. aastal organisatsiooni desarmeerimise osakonna juht. 1928. aastal sai temast kolmeks aastaks Oxfordi Ülikooli hispaania keele professor ning sel ajal kirjutas ta rahvaste psühholoogiast rääkiva raamatu "Inglased, prantslased, hispaanlased" ("Englishmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards").

1930.–1950. aastad

1931. aastal määrati ta nii saadikuks Ameerika Ühendriikidesse kui ka Rahvasteliidu alaliseks saadikuks (ta jäi sellele ametikohale viieks aastaks). Vahemikus 1932–1934 oli ta saadik Prantsusmaal. Hiljem oli ta veel ka haridus- ja justiitsminister.

Klassikalise liberalistina põgenes ta 1936. aasta juulis Hispaania kodusõja eest Inglismaale eksiili. Temast sai häälekas kindral Francisco Franco diktatuuri vastane ning sellele vastupanu organiseerija.

Ta oli üks peamisi 1947. aastal avaldatud liberalismi käsitleva Oxfordi manifesti autoreid. 1948–1952 oli ta Liberaalse Internatsionaali president ning ta oli ka üks 1949. aastal rajatud Euroopa Kolledži kaasasutajatest.

Oma kirjanikukarjääri jooksul avaldas ta raamatuid (sh romaane ja luulet) ja esseesid väga erinevatel teemadel: Don Quijote, Christopher Columbus, William Shakespeare'i Hamlet ning Ladina-Ameerika ajalugu. Ta võitles ühendatud ja integreeritud Euroopa eest ning oma kirjatöid avaldas ta nii prantsuse, saksa, hispaania, galeegi (tema emakeel) kui inglise keeles.

Hilisem elu

1973. aastal sai ta panuse eest Euroopa mõttesse ja rahusse Karl Suure auhinna. Pärast diktaator Franco surma naasis ta 1976. aastal Hispaaniasse.

Tema järgi on nimetatud Madariaga Euroopa Sihtasutus, mis propageerib tema nägemust ühendatud Euroopast, mis soodustab suuremat rahu maailmas. Ka Euroopa Kolledži 1979–1980 õppeaasta nimetati tema järgi.

Isiklikku

Aastal 1912 abiellus ta Šoti majandusajaloolase Constance Archibaldiga ning neil sündis kaks tütart: hilisem kirjanik Nieves Mathews (1917–2003) ning professor ja ajaloolane Dr Isabel de Madariaga (sünd. 1919). Pärast Constance'i surma 1970. aasta mais abiellus de Madariaga sama aasta novembris Emilia Székely de Raumaniga, kes oli olnud tema sekretär juba aastast 1938.

Tema nõo Rogelio de Madariaga y Castro lapselaps on Hispaania poliitik ja diplomaat Javier Solana.

15. oktoobril 2011 avas tema tütar Isabel tema auks Oxfordshire'i paigaldatud sinise mälestustahvli (aadressil 3 St Andrew's Road, Headington, Oxford).

Vaata ka

Välislingid

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