Fergana org

Fergana oru kaart
Põllud Fergana orus

Fergana org (usbeki Farg‘ona vodiysi, kirgiisi Фергана өрөөнү, tadžiki водии Фарғона) on kõrgmägedest (Tian Shan, Alai ahelik) ümbritsetud edelasse avatud org Usbekistani, Kõrgõzstani ja Tadžikistani territooriumil Kesk-Aasias.

Ulatus idast läände ~300 km, põhjast lõunasse ~70 km. Orupõhja kõrgus merepinnast: 900–1000 m idas kuni 300–400 m läänes. Mägedest lähtuvad jõed koonduvad orus Sõrdarja jõeks.

Viljakate muldadega org on tihedalt asustatud, olles kõige suurema asustustihedusega maa-ala Kesk-Aasias. Elanike arvuks hinnatakse miljon inimest. Peamiseks tegevusalaks on niisutuspõllundus. Orgu on rajatud niisutuskanalite süsteem. Kasvatatakse puuvilla, riisi, puuvilja, viinamarja. Piirkonnas on esindatud ka mäendus, kerge- ja rasketööstus.

Orul on kirev etniline ajalugu. Praegu elavad seal usbekid, kirgiisid, tadžikid ja mitmed vähemused. Etniline kirevus on kuni tänapäevani kaasa toonud ohvriterohkeid konflikte (vt Andijoni veresaun).

Fergana org on kogu oma ajaloo jooksul olnud riiklikult üks tervik ja alles 1920. aastatel jagati see kohalike rahvuste järgi usbekkide, kirgiiside ja tadžikkide vahel ära.

Halduslikult jaguneb org riikide vahel järgmiselt:

Usbekistan: Andijoni vilajett, Fergana vilajett, Namangani vilajett
Kõrgõzstan: Batkeni oblast, Džalalabati oblast, Oši oblast
Tadžikistan: Sugdi vilajett

Ajalugu

18.–19. sajandil asus seal Kokandi khaaniriik. Pärast viimase vallutamist venelaste poolt 1876. aastal liideti org Venemaa Keisririigiga (Fergana oblast) ning see oli Venemaa ja seejärel Nõukogude Liidu koosseisus aastani 1991.

Enklaavid

Fergana oru enklaavid moodustati NSV Liidu perioodil. Org jagati 1920. aastate keskel Usbeki NSV, Kirgiisi ANSV ja Tadžiki ANSV vahel. Kokku on Fergana orus 8 enklaavi, millest 6 asuvad Kõrgõzstani territooriumil (nendest neli Usbeki ja kaks Tadžiki eksklaavi). Suurim on 352 km2 suurune Usbeki eksklaav So‘x, kus elab pea 60 000 inimest, kellest 99% on tegelikult tadžikid.[1]

Kõrgõzstani eksklaav Barak, mis asub Usbekistani territooriumil, moodustus 1955. aastal, kui Vorošilovi nimelise kolhoosi maad anti üle Usbeki NSV-le. Selle tulemusena jäi Baraki küla Kirgiisi NSV territooriumist äralõigatuks. 230 ha suurusel enklaavil elas varem ligi 1000 inimest.[1] Range piirirežiimi kehtestamisega 1999. aasta augustis [2] tekkisid enklaavis elavatel inimestel suured raskused, mistõttu hakati sealt lahkuma. Kui 2008. aastal oli Baraki elanike arv veel 625 inimest, siis 2014. aastaks oli see vähenenud 20-ni.[1]

Vaata ka

Viited

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Ферганская долина – проблема анклавов уйдёт в прошлое?
  2. ↑ "Tеория анклавов" (PDF). Originaali (PDF) arhiivikoopia seisuga 22. detsember 2018. Vaadatud 19. novembril 2018.

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