William Higinbotham

William Higinbotham
Higinbotham's Los Alamos identity photo
Born	(1910-10-22)October 22, 1910 Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.
Died	November 10, 1994(1994-11-10) (aged 84) Gainesville, Georgia, U.S.
Known for	Nuclear nonproliferation, Tennis for Two, the first interactive analog computer game

William Alfred Higinbotham^[1][2][3] (October 22, 1910 – November 10, 1994) was an American physicist. A member of the team that developed the first nuclear bomb, he later became a leader in the nonproliferation movement. He also has a place in the history of video games for his 1958 creation of Tennis for Two, the first interactive analog computer game and one of the first electronic games to use a graphical display.

Early life

Higinbotham was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and grew up in Caledonia, New York. His father was a minister in the Presbyterian Church. He earned his undergraduate degree from Williams College in 1932 and his studies at Cornell University. He worked on the radar system at MIT from 1941 to 1943.^[4]

Career

1958 exhibit of Tennis for Two

During World War II, he was working at Los Alamos Laboratory and headed the lab's electronics group in the later years of the war, where his team developed electronics for the first atomic bomb.^[5][6] His team created the bomb's ignition mechanism as well as measuring instruments for the device. Higinbotham also created the radar display for the experimental B-28 bomber.^[7] Following his experience with nuclear weapons, Higinbotham helped found the nuclear nonproliferation group Federation of American Scientists, serving as its first chairman and executive secretary.^[8] From 1974 until his death in 1994, Higinbotham served as the technical editor of the Journal of Nuclear Materials Management,^[9] published by the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management.

In 1947, Higinbotham took a position at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where he worked until his retirement in 1984. In 1958, as Head of the Instrumentation Division at Brookhaven, he created a computer game called Tennis for Two for the laboratory's annual exposition. A tennis simulator displayed on an oscilloscope, the game is credited with being one of the first video games.^[5][10] The game took Higinbotham a few weeks to complete, and was a popular attraction at the show.^[5] It was such a hit that Higinbotham created an expanded version for the 1959 exposition; this version allowed the gravity level to be changed so players could simulate tennis on Jupiter and the Moon.^[7] Higinbotham never patented Tennis for Two, though he obtained over 20 other patents during his career.^[5]

He recalled in 1983,

The instruction book that came with the computer described how to plot trajectories and bouncing shapes, for research. I thought, "Hell, this would make a good game." [Working with colleague Dave Potter], it took me four hours to design one and a technician^[11] a couple of weeks to put it together. ... Everybody stood in line to play [at the open house]. The other exhibits were pretty static, obviously. ... The game seemed to me sort of an obvious thing. Even if I had [wanted to patent it], the game would've belonged to the government.^[12]

Legacy

In the 1980s, critics and historians began to recognize the significance of Tennis for Two in the development of video games. In 1983, David Ahl, who had played the game at the Brookhaven exhibition as a teenager, wrote a cover story for Creative Computing in which he dubbed Higinbotham the "Grandfather of Video Games".^[13] Independently, Frank Lovece interviewed Higinbotham for a story on the history of video games in the June 1983 issue of Video Review.^[12]

In 2011, Stony Brook University founded the William A. Higinbotham Game Studies Collection, managed by Head of Special Collections and University Archives Kristen Nyitray and Associate Professor of Digital Cultural Studies Raiford Guins.^[14] The Collection is explicitly dedicated to "documenting the material culture of screen-based game media", and in specific relation to Higinbotham: "collecting and preserving the texts, ephemera, and artifacts that document the history and work of early game innovator and Brookhaven National Laboratory scientist William A. Higinbotham, who in 1958 invented the first interactive analog computer game, Tennis for Two."^[15] As part of preserving the history of Tennis for Two, the Collection is producing a documentary on the history of the game and its reconstruction by Peter Takacs, physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory.^[16]

Higinbotham remained little interested in video games, preferring to be remembered for his work in nuclear nonproliferation. After his death, as requests for information on Tennis for Two increased, his son William B. Higinbotham told Brookhaven: "It is imperative that you include information on his nuclear nonproliferation work. That was what he wanted to be remembered for." For this work the Federation of American Scientists named their headquarters Higinbotham Hall in 1994.^[5][17]

References

1. Nyitray, Kristen J. (April–June 2011). "William Alfred Higinbotham: Scientist, Activist, and Computer Game Pioneer". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (2): 96–101. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2011.48. S2CID 46059395. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
2. Highting, Goington. "Computer and Video Games". History of Computer Art. NetArt. IASLonline. Archived from the original on 2020-05-27. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
3. Smith, Alexander (2019). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971–1982. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-42975261-2. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
4. "October 1958: Physicist Invents First Video Game". aps.org. 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
5. Sullivan, Ronald (1994-11-15). "William A. Higinbotham, 84; Helped Build First Atomic Bomb". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
6. "Video Games - Did They Begin at Brookhaven?". Osti.gov. 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
7. Huhtamo, Erkki (2011). "Dismantling the Fairy Engine: Media Archaeology as Topos Study". In Huhtamo, Erkki; Parikka, Jussi (eds.). Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52094851-8. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
8. "Federation of American Scientists: FAS History". Fas.org. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
9. "Journal of Nuclear Materials Management: A History". Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
10. Wolf, Mark J. P. (2012). "'First' video game". In Wolf, Mark J. P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Video Games. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-31337936-9. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
11. Identified by Brookhaven as Bob Dvorak by "The First Video Game?". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
12. Lovece, Frank (June 1983). "The Honest-to-Goodness History of Home Video Games". Video Review. p. 40. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
13. Chaplin, Heather; Ruby, Aaron (2005). Smartbomb: The Quest for Art, Entertainment, and Big Bucks in the Videogame Revolution. Algonquin Books. pp. 35–36. ISBN 1-56512-346-8. Retrieved 2014-02-07. It is imperative.
14. "William A. Higinbotham Game Studies Collection at Stony Brook University". Retrieved 2012-09-01.
15. "Mission & Goals of the William A. Higinbotham Game Studies Collection". Retrieved 2012-09-01.
16. "News: William A. Higinbotham Game Studies Collection". Stony Brook University. 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
17. Chaplin, Heather; Ruby, Aaron (2005). Smartbomb: The Quest for Art, Entertainment, and Big Bucks in the Videogame Revolution. Algonquin Books. p. 36. ISBN 1-56512-346-8. Retrieved 2014-02-07. It is imperative.

External links

• The Dot Eaters entry on Higinbotham and his Pong precursor
• Who Really Invented The Video Game? an editorial by John Anderson from "Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games" Vol. 1, No. 1 / Spring 1983.
• The Institute of Nuclear Materials Management.
• Inventor William Higinbotham Biography.
• William A. Higinbotham Game Studies Collection at Stony Brook University.
• William A. Higinbotham Papers at Williams College Archives & Special Collections