Whittle likelihood

In statistics, Whittle likelihood is an approximation to the likelihood function of a stationary Gaussian time series. It is named after the mathematician and statistician Peter Whittle, who introduced it in his PhD thesis in 1951.^[1] It is commonly used in time series analysis and signal processing for parameter estimation and signal detection.

Context

In a stationary Gaussian time series model, the likelihood function is (as usual in Gaussian models) a function of the associated mean and covariance parameters. With a large number (${\displaystyle N}$) of observations, the (${\displaystyle N\times N}$) covariance matrix may become very large, making computations very costly in practice. However, due to stationarity, the covariance matrix has a rather simple structure, and by using an approximation, computations may be simplified considerably (from ${\displaystyle O(N^{2})}$ to ${\displaystyle O(N\log(N))}$).^[2] The idea effectively boils down to assuming a heteroscedastic zero-mean Gaussian model in Fourier domain; the model formulation is based on the time series' discrete Fourier transform and its power spectral density.^[3][4][5]

Definition

Let ${\displaystyle X_{1},\ldots ,X_{N}}$ be a stationary Gaussian time series with (one-sided) power spectral density ${\displaystyle S_{1}(f)}$, where ${\displaystyle N}$ is even and samples are taken at constant sampling intervals ${\displaystyle \Delta _{t}}$. Let ${\displaystyle {\tilde {X}}_{1},\ldots ,{\tilde {X}}_{N/2+1}}$ be the (complex-valued) discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the time series. Then for the Whittle likelihood one effectively assumes independent zero-mean Gaussian distributions for all ${\displaystyle {\tilde {X}}_{j}}$ with variances for the real and imaginary parts given by

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} \left(\operatorname {Re} ({\tilde {X}}_{j})\right)=\operatorname {Var} \left(\operatorname {Im} ({\tilde {X}}_{j})\right)=S_{1}(f_{j})}$

where ${\displaystyle f_{j}={\frac {j}{N\,\Delta _{t}}}}$ is the ${\displaystyle j}$th Fourier frequency. This approximate model immediately leads to the (logarithmic) likelihood function

${\displaystyle \log \left(P(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{N})\right)\propto -\sum _{j}\left(\log \left(S_{1}(f_{j})\right)+{\frac {|{\tilde {x}}_{j}|^{2}}{{\frac {N}{2\,\Delta _{t}}}S_{1}(f_{j})}}\right)}$

where ${\displaystyle |\cdot |}$ denotes the absolute value with ${\displaystyle |{\tilde {x}}_{j}|^{2}=\left(\operatorname {Re} ({\tilde {x}}_{j})\right)^{2}+\left(\operatorname {Im} ({\tilde {x}}_{j})\right)^{2}}$.^[3][4][6]

Special case of a known noise spectrum

In case the noise spectrum is assumed a-priori known, and noise properties are not to be inferred from the data, the likelihood function may be simplified further by ignoring constant terms, leading to the sum-of-squares expression

${\displaystyle \log \left(P(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{N})\right)\;\propto \;-\sum _{j}{\frac {|{\tilde {x}}_{j}|^{2}}{{\frac {N}{2\,\Delta _{t}}}S_{1}(f_{j})}}}$

This expression also is the basis for the common matched filter.

Accuracy of approximation

The Whittle likelihood in general is only an approximation, it is only exact if the spectrum is constant, i.e., in the trivial case of white noise. The efficiency of the Whittle approximation always depends on the particular circumstances.^{[7] [8]}

Note that due to linearity of the Fourier transform, Gaussianity in Fourier domain implies Gaussianity in time domain and vice versa. What makes the Whittle likelihood only approximately accurate is related to the sampling theorem—the effect of Fourier-transforming only a finite number of data points, which also manifests itself as spectral leakage in related problems (and which may be ameliorated using the same methods, namely, windowing). In the present case, the implicit periodicity assumption implies correlation between the first and last samples (${\displaystyle x_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle x_{N}}$), which are effectively treated as "neighbouring" samples (like ${\displaystyle x_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle x_{2}}$).

Applications

Parameter estimation

Whittle's likelihood is commonly used to estimate signal parameters for signals that are buried in non-white noise. The noise spectrum then may be assumed known,^[9] or it may be inferred along with the signal parameters.^[4][6]

Signal detection

Signal detection is commonly performed with the matched filter, which is based on the Whittle likelihood for the case of a known noise power spectral density.^[10][11] The matched filter effectively does a maximum-likelihood fit of the signal to the noisy data and uses the resulting likelihood ratio as the detection statistic.^[12]

The matched filter may be generalized to an analogous procedure based on a Student-t distribution by also considering uncertainty (e.g. estimation uncertainty) in the noise spectrum. On the technical side, the EM algorithm may be utilized here, effectively leading to repeated or iterative matched-filtering.^[12]

Spectrum estimation

The Whittle likelihood is also applicable for estimation of the noise spectrum, either alone or in conjunction with signal parameters.^[13][14]

See also

• Coloured noise
• Discrete Fourier transform
• Likelihood function
• Matched filter
• Power spectral density
• Statistical signal processing
• Weighted least squares

References

1. Whittle, P. (1951). Hypothesis testing in times series analysis. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri AB.
2. Hurvich, C. (2002). "Whittle's approximation to the likelihood function" (PDF). NYU Stern.
3. Calder, M.; Davis, R. A. (1997), "An introduction to Whittle (1953) "The analysis of multiple stationary time series"", in Kotz, S.; Johnson, N. L. (eds.), Breakthroughs in Statistics, Springer Series in Statistics, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 141–169, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0667-5_7, ISBN 978-0-387-94989-5
   See also: Calder, M.; Davis, R. A. (1996), "An introduction to Whittle (1953) "The analysis of multiple stationary time series"", Technical report 1996/41, Department of Statistics, Colorado State University
4. Hannan, E. J. (1994), "The Whittle likelihood and frequency estimation", in Kelly, F. P. (ed.), Probability, statistics and optimization; a tribute to Peter Whittle, Chichester: Wiley
5. Pawitan, Y. (1998), "Whittle likelihood", in Kotz, S.; Read, C. B.; Banks, D. L. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, vol. Update Volume 2, New York: Wiley & Sons, pp. 708–710, doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess0753, ISBN 978-0471667193
6. Röver, C.; Meyer, R.; Christensen, N. (2011). "Modelling coloured residual noise in gravitational-wave signal processing". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 28 (1): 025010. arXiv:0804.3853. Bibcode:2011CQGra..28a5010R. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/28/1/015010. S2CID 46673503.
7. Choudhuri, N.; Ghosal, S.; Roy, A. (2004). "Contiguity of the Whittle measure for a Gaussian time series". Biometrika. 91 (4): 211–218. doi:10.1093/biomet/91.1.211.
8. Countreras-Cristán, A.; Gutiérrez-Peña, E.; Walker, S. G. (2006). "A Note on Whittle's Likelihood". Communications in Statistics – Simulation and Computation. 35 (4): 857–875. doi:10.1080/03610910600880203. S2CID 119395974.
9. Finn, L. S. (1992). "Detection, measurement and gravitational radiation". Physical Review D. 46 (12): 5236–5249. arXiv:gr-qc/9209010. Bibcode:1992PhRvD..46.5236F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.46.5236. PMID 10014913. S2CID 19004097.
10. Turin, G. L. (1960). "An introduction to matched filters". IRE Transactions on Information Theory. 6 (3): 311–329. doi:10.1109/TIT.1960.1057571. S2CID 5128742.
11. Wainstein, L. A.; Zubakov, V. D. (1962). Extraction of signals from noise. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
12. Röver, C. (2011). "Student-t-based filter for robust signal detection". Physical Review D. 84 (12): 122004. arXiv:1109.0442. Bibcode:2011PhRvD..84l2004R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.84.122004.
13. Choudhuri, N.; Ghosal, S.; Roy, A. (2004). "Bayesian estimation of the spectral density of a time series" (PDF). Journal of the American Statistical Association. 99 (468): 1050–1059. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.2814. doi:10.1198/016214504000000557. S2CID 17906077.
14. Edwards, M. C.; Meyer, R.; Christensen, N. (2015). "Bayesian semiparametric power spectral density estimation in gravitational wave data analysis". Physical Review D. 92 (6): 064011. arXiv:1506.00185. Bibcode:2015PhRvD..92f4011E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.92.064011. S2CID 11508218.