Wan (khan)

Wan
Traditional Chinese
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWàn
Wade–GilesWan4
Alternate name
Traditional Chinese王台
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWáng Tái
Wade–GilesWang2-tai2

Wan (Manchu:ᠸᠠᠨ, died July 1582) was a Haixi Jurchen chieftain, a self-proclaimed Khan (ᡥᠠᠨ, han), and leader of the Hūlun tribal confederacy. A member of the Nara clan and leader of the Hada tribe, he succeeded his uncle Wangju-wailan as beile of the Hada. He was a skilled political leader and the most powerful Jurchen leader of his era, establishing dominance over the Ula, Yehe, and Hoifa tribes, which he organized into the Hūlun tribal confederation. His power waned late into his rule, and the Yehe and Ula broke off from the Hūlun under the leadership of Yangginu. Wan died soon after and was succeeded by his son Hûrhan.

Biography

Wan was a member of the Nara clan, an influential Jurchen noble clan in what is now Northeastern China. He was the grandson of Kesina, a frontier official of the Ming dynasty, and ultimately a descendant of Nacibulu, the beile of the Ula tribe. Wan's uncle, Wangju-wailan, left the Ula and became the beile of the Hada, a Jurchen tribe living east of Kaiyuan. After Wangju-wailan's death, leadership of the Hada passed to Wan.[1]

Wan was a skilled political leader. He established dominance over trade with the Ming at Guangshun Pass, east of Kaiyuan. By the 1570s, his political influence grew to encompass the Ula, Yehe, and Hoifa tribes, which he organized into the Hūlun tribal confederation. He declared the Hada a kingdom and adopted the title of Khan (renderedᡥᠠᠨ, han in Manchu). Wan was the most powerful Jurchen leader of his era; he achieved some degree of political hegemony over both the Haixi and the Jianzhou.[1][2][3] He took one of the daughters of Cukungge, a Yehe chieftain defeated and executed by Wangju-wailan, as a concubine. In 1573, Wan was forced to enter a marriage alliance with a group of Mongols to the west of Kaiyuan.[1]

Wan frequently recruited talented officials to his headquarters who were at risk of harm or violence in their home territories. He employed Han Chinese officials as his secretaries, instituted laws, and regularly received tribute from Jurchen and Mongol emissaries.[3] Unlike the nomadic and pastoral Jurchen, he oversaw some degree of agriculture and constructed permanent residences. He gained the favor of the Ming administration by capturing the Jianzhou chief Wang-gao, who had frequently led raids into Chinese territory.[1] At times, he coordinated with the Ming general and governor Li Chengliang.[3] One Chinese source, the Dongyi Kaolue, stated that Wan was a major contributor to peace along the eastern frontier of Liaodong, praising him for obeying the Ming and defending the borderlands. Another account, from the Manzhou Shilu, presents his reign in a less favorable light, charging it with widespread bribery and corruption.[4]

By the early 1580s, Wan's power had waned, partially due to his son Hûrhan, whose behavior was tyrannical and alienating to the Hada's allies. Cukungge's sons, beile Yangginu and Cinggiyanu, sought to regain the independence of the Yehe and avenge their father. They gradually began to assert their autonomy, until Yangginu managed to firmly break off both the Yehe and the Ula from the Hūlun confederation.[1][4] Wan died in July 1582.[4] After Wan's death, a succession conflict broke out between Hûrhan and Wan's illegitimate son Kanggûru. Kanggûru lost the dispute and went into exile among the Yehe; however, Hûrhan soon died and was succeeded by Menggebulu, another son of Wan.[1] Nurhaci, a Jianzhou chieftain and founder of the Later Jin dynasty, and a son-in-law of Wan, took strong political inspiration from Wan. Later chronicles of the Qing dynasty, led by Nurhaci's descendants, would dub Wan the "lord of the Manchu nations".[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Kennedy 1943, pp. 799–800.
  2. ^ Di Cosmo & Bao 2021, p. 4.
  3. ^ a b c Crossley 2002, p. 139.
  4. ^ a b c Wada 1957, pp. 48–49.
  5. ^ Crossley 2002, pp. 139–140.

Bibliography

  • Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520234246.
  • Di Cosmo, Nicola; Bao, Dalizhabu (2021). Manchu-Mongol Relations on the Eve of the Qing Conquest: A Documentary History. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004491977.
  • Kennedy, George A. (1943). Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. Vol. 2. United States Government Printing Office.
  • Wada, Sei (1957). "Some Problems Concerning the Rise of T'ai-tsu the Founder of Manchu Dynasty" (PDF). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tōyō Bunko (16). Tōyō Bunko: 35–73.

Read other articles:

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens FGF17IdentifiersAliasesFGF17, FGF-13, HH20, FGF-17, fibroblast growth factor 17External IDsOMIM: 603725 MGI: 1202401 HomoloGene: 2872 GeneCards: FGF17 Gene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 8 (human)[1]Band8p21.3Start22,042,398 bp[1]End22,048,809 bp[1]Gene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 14 (mouse)[2]Band14 D2|14 36.4 cMStart70,636,203 bp[2]End70,642,268 bp[2]RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (...

 

?Titaea Біологічна класифікація Домен: Еукаріоти (Eukaryota) Царство: Гриби (Fungi) Відділ: Аскомікотові гриби (Ascomycota) Клас: Dothideomycetes Порядок: Tubeufiales Родина: Tubeufiaceae Рід: TitaeaSacc. Синоніми * Monogrammia [1] Aorate [2] Посилання EOL: 21538 NCBI: 2508522 MB: 10238 IF: 10238 Titaea — рід грибів родини Tubeufiaceae. Назва ...

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) فيليب ووكر   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 11 فبراير 1937  ولش (لويزيانا)  الوفاة 22 يوليو 2010 (73 سنة) [1]  بالم سبرينغس  مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الحياة ا...

21°29′27″N 39°11′19″E / 21.49083°N 39.18861°E / 21.49083; 39.18861   هذه المقالة عن قشلة جدة. لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع مبنى القشلة (توضيح).قشلة جدةمعلومات عامةنوع المبنى قلعةالمكان جدةالبلد  السعوديةمعلومات أخرىالإحداثيات 21°29′27″N 39°11′19″E / 21.490833°N 39.188611°E / 21.490833; 39.188611 ...

 

يتضمن الهرم البيئي تنظيماً تسلسليا للمستويات الغذائية.[1][2] فلو رتبنا الكائنات الحية المتواجدة في أية وحدة بيئية متكاملة لوجدنا ان المنتج (أحياء ذاتية التغذية) والذي يتمثل بالنباتات الخضر يقع عند القاعدة (المستوى الاغتذائي الأول) يليه المستوى الاغتذائي الثاني (آكل...

 

C. 1515 painting by Titian For the painting by Giulio Romano, see Woman with a Mirror (Giulio Romano). For the sculpture by Botero, see Woman with Mirror. Woman with a MirrorArtistTitianYearc. 1515[1]Mediumoil on canvasDimensions99 cm × 76 cm (39 in × 30 in)LocationMusée du Louvre, Paris Woman with a Mirror (French: La Femme au miroir) is a painting by Titian, dated to c. 1515 and now in the Musée du Louvre, in Paris. History It is known t...

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Regions of Peru 1989 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) During the 1980s, then Peruvian president Alan García proposed what was supposed to be a radical restructuring of the political and econo...

 

2018 computer-animated science fiction film directed by Kevin R. Adams and Joe Ksander Next GenFilm poster outside ChinaDirected by Kevin R. Adams Joe Ksander Written by Kevin R. Adams Joe Ksander Story byWang NimaBased on7723by Wang NimaProduced by Jeff Bell Patricia Hicks Charlene Logan Kelly Yangbin Lu John Morch Ken Zorniak Starring John Krasinski Charlyne Yi Jason Sudeikis Michael Peña David Cross Constance Wu Cinematography Paul Kohut Paul Stodolny Edited byMatt AhrensMusic by Samuel J...

 

Not to be confused with Al Fatat (magazine).Al-FatatYoung Arab Societyجمعية العربية الفتاةFormation14 November 1909FounderIzzat DarwazaAwni Abd al-HadiRustam HaidarHeadquartersParis (1911–1913)Beirut (1913–1914)Damascus (1914–1920)Region  Ottoman Empire Beirut vilayet Aleppo vilayet Damascus vilayet Jerusalem Mutasarrifate Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate Nablus Sanjak Acre Sanjak Arab Kingdom of SyriaMembership (1920) 169 official membersOfficial language Arabic Al-Fa...

Rural district in Kermanshah province, Iran Rural District in Kermanshah, IranDireh Rural District Persian: دهستان ديرهRural DistrictDireh Rural DistrictCoordinates: 34°18′36″N 45°54′40″E / 34.31000°N 45.91111°E / 34.31000; 45.91111[1]Country IranProvinceKermanshahCountyGilan-e GharbDistrictCentralPopulation (2016)[2] • Total3,600Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Direh Rural District (Persian: دهستان د...

 

2015 soundtrack album by various artistsRetrospective: The Music of Mad MenSoundtrack album by various artistsReleasedOctober 13, 2015 (2015-10-13)GenreCompilationLabelRepublic RecordsProducerMatthew Weiner Retrospective: The Music of Mad Men is a soundtrack album of television series Mad Men, released in 2015[1] by Republic Records[2] in partnership with Lions Gate Entertainment.[3] Summary Each track on this album was featured in one or more ep...

 

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau pranala luar ke sumber-sumber tepercaya yang dapat menyatakan kelayakan dari subyek yang dibahas.(ajukan diskusi keberatan penghapusan)Artikel ini akan dihapus pada 17 Agustus 2023 jika tidak diperbaiki.Untuk pemulai artikel ini, jika Anda mempertentangkan nominasi penghapusan ini, jangan menghapus peringatan ini. Silakan hubungi sang pengusul, hubungi seorang pengurus, atau pasang tag {{tunggu dulu}} Artikel ini sebatang kara...

2023 death of a Filipino worker in Kuwait Murder of Jullebee RanaraJullebee RanaraDateJanuary 21, 2023 (2023-01-21)LocationAl-Salmi Road, KuwaitTypeKillingMotiveUnknownDeaths1 (Jullebee Ranara)ConvictedTurki Ayed Al-Azmi[1]ConvictionsMurderdriving without licenseSentence15 years of imprisonment (murder)1 year of imprisonment (driving) Jullebee Cabilis Ranara (July 17, 1988 – January 21, 2023)[a] was an Overseas Filipino Worker who was found dead in the desert ...

 

Television series Tokumei Sentai Go-BustersTitle card for Tokumei Sentai Go-BustersGenreTokusatsuSuperhero fictionScience fictionAction/AdventureDramaCyberpunkCreated byToeiDeveloped byYasuko KobayashiDirected byTakayuki ShibasakiStarringKatsuhiro SuzukiRyoma BabaArisa KomiyaHiroya MatsumotoNaoto TakahashiFuuka NishihiraShou JinnaiAyame MisakiHideo SakakiVoices ofYuichi NakamuraKeiji FujiwaraTesshō GendaTatsuhisa SuzukiNarrated byShoo MunakataOpening themeBusters Ready Go! by Hideyuki Takaha...

 

Spanish sports club Not to be confused with CD Vitoria or CD Aurrerá Ondarroa. Football clubAurrerá de VitoriaFull nameClub DeportivoAurrerá de VitoriaNickname(s)RojillosFounded1935GroundOlaranbe, Vitoria, Álava, SpainCapacity4,000President Fernando UrcelayHead coach Rubén LópezLeague3ª – Group 42016–17Regional Preferente, 1st Home colours Away colours Third colours Club Deportivo Aurrerá de Vitoria is a Spanish sports club based in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, in the autonomous commu...

Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim UniversityMottoHe taught man what he knew notEstablished1891; 132 years ago (1891)School typeLaw SchoolLocationAligarh, IndiaWebsiteamu.ac.in/faculties/faculty-of-law The Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University is the law school of the Aligarh Muslim University which has a history of over 100 years of teaching and writing law. Law classes were inaugurated by Justice Douglas Straight on December 29, 1891.[1] In 2014, the faculty was li...

 

American musicologist (1956–2019) For the African-American stage, television and film actor, see Robert Judd (actor). This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (December 2020) Robert JuddBornRobert Floyd JuddFebruary 12, 1956Ohio, U.S.DiedAugust 24, 2019 (aged 63)Bronxville, New York, U.S.Academic backgroundAlma materKent State University (BA)Rice University (MA)University of...

 

一般県道 静岡県道376号浜松御前崎自転車道線 路線延長 39.209km 起点 浜松市中央区中田島町(国道1号交点) 主な経由都市 浜松市、磐田市、袋井市、掛川市、御前崎市 終点 御前崎市御前崎下岬(静岡県道240号御前崎堀野新田線交点) ■テンプレート(■ノート ■使い方) ■PJ道路 浜岡砂丘付近(2006年8月) 静岡県道376号浜松御前崎自転車道線(しずおかけんどう376ご...

Panjang P A {\displaystyle PA} dan P B {\displaystyle PB} adalah sama. Teorema Pitot dalam geometri adalah sebuah teorema yang berbunyi bahwa pasangan dari sisi yang berhadapan dalam segiempat garis singgung memiliki panjang yang sama. Teorema ini dinamai dari seorang insinyur berkebangsaan Prancis yang bernama Henri Pitot. Teorema ini dibuktikan oleh Henri Pitot, tetapi kebalikan dari pernyataan tersebut dibuktikan oleh matematikawan asal Swiss yang bernama Jakob Steiner.[1] Pernyata...

 

Aeropuertu de Beerseba שְׂדֵה תֵּימָן aeropuertu Vista del llugarIATA: BEV • OACI: LLBSLlocalización País IsraelDistritu distritu MeridionalSubdistrito (es) Sub-distrito de Beersheva (es) Ciudá BeersebaCoordenaes 31°17′13″N 34°43′23″E / 31.287°N 34.723°E / 31.287; 34.723 Aeropuertu de BeersebaAeropuertu de Beerseba (Israel)Altitú 200 mXestión Ayit Aviation and TourismCiudá a la que sirve Beerseba L'Aeropuertu de Beerseba[3...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!