University of Jena

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Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
	Latin: Universitas Litterarum Jenensis
Type	Public
Established	February 2, 1558; 466 years ago
Budget	€ 372 million
President	Walter Rosenthal
Academic staff	3,415
Administrative staff	5,151
Students	18,219
Location	Jena, Thuringia, Germany; 50°55′42″N 11°34′56″E / 50.92833°N 11.58222°E
Campus	University town
Affiliations	Coimbra Group; EUA
Website	www.uni-jena.de

The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (German: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, abbreviated FSU, shortened form Uni Jena), is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany.

The university was established in 1558 and is counted among the ten oldest universities in Germany. It is affiliated with six Nobel Prize winners, most recently in 2000 when Jena graduate Herbert Kroemer won the Nobel Prize for physics. It was renamed after the poet Friedrich Schiller who was teaching as professor of philosophy when Jena attracted some of the most influential minds at the turn of the 19th century. With Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, G. W. F. Hegel, F. W. J. Schelling and Friedrich Schlegel on its teaching staff, the university was at the centre of the emergence of German idealism and early Romanticism.

As of 2014^[update], the university has around 19,000 students enrolled and 375 professors. Its current president, Walter Rosenthal, has held the role since 2014.

History

Early history

Elector John Frederick of Saxony first thought of a plan to establish a university at Jena upon Saale in 1547 while he was being held captive by emperor Charles V. The plan was put into motion by his three sons and, after having obtained a charter from the Emperor Ferdinand I, the university was established on 2 February 1558. The university, jointly maintained by the Saxon Duchies derived from the partitioning of John Frederick's duchy, was thus named Ducal Pan-Saxon University (German: Herzoglich Sächsische Gesamtuniversität) or Salana (after the river Saale).

Prior to the 20th century, university enrollment peaked in the 18th century. The university's reputation reached its zenith under the auspices of Duke Charles Augustus, Goethe's patron (1787–1806), when Gottlieb Fichte, G. W. F. Hegel, Friedrich Schelling, Friedrich von Schlegel and Friedrich Schiller were on its teaching staff.

Founded as a home for the new religious opinions of the sixteenth century, it has since been one of the most politically radical universities in Germany. Jena was noted among other German universities at the time for allowing students to duel and to have a passion for Freiheit, which were popularly regarded as the necessary characteristics of German student life. The University of Jena has preserved a historical detention room or Karzer with famous caricatures by Swiss painter Martin Disteli.

In the latter 19th century, the department of zoology taught evolutionary theory, with Carl Gegenbaur, Ernst Haeckel and others publishing detailed theories at the time of Darwin's "Origin of Species" (1858). The later fame of Ernst Haeckel eclipsed Darwin in some European countries, as the term "Haeckelism" was more common than Darwinism.

In 1905, Jena had 1,100 students enrolled and its teaching staff (including Privatdozenten) numbered 112. Amongst its numerous auxiliaries then were the library, with 200,000 volumes; the observatory; the meteorological institute; the botanical garden; the seminaries of theology, philology, and education; and the well-equipped clinical, anatomical, and physical institutes.

After the end of the Saxon duchies in 1918, and their merger with further principalities into the Free State of Thuringia in 1920, the university was renamed as the Thuringian State University (Thüringische Landesuniversität) in 1921. In 1934 the university was renamed again, receiving its present name of Friedrich Schiller University. During the 20th century, the cooperation between Zeiss corporation and the university brought new prosperity and attention to Jena, resulting in a dramatic increase in funding and enrollment.

Nazi period

During the Third Reich, staunch Nazis moved into leading positions at the university. The racial researcher and SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Astel was appointed professor in 1933, bypassing traditional qualifications and process; he later became rector of the university in 1939. Also in 1933, many professors had to leave the university as a consequence of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. Student fraternities – in particular the Burschenschaften – were dissolved and incorporated into the Nazi student federation. The Nazi student federation enjoyed before the transfer of power and won great support among the student body elections in January 1933, achieving 49.3% of the vote, which represents the second best result. Between the Jena connections and the NS students wide-ranging human and ideological connections were recorded.

When the Allied air raids to Jena in February and March struck in 1945, the University Library, the university main building and several clinics in the Bachstraße received total or significant physical damage. Completely destroyed were the Botanical Garden, the psychological and the physiological institute and three chemical Institutes. An important event for the National Socialist period was the investigation of the pediatrician Yusuf Ibrahim. A Senate Commission noted the participation of the physician to the "euthanasia" murders of physically or mentally disabled children.

Present

Inner courtyard with cafeteria of the Old University Building.

In the 20th century the university was promoted through cooperation with Carl Zeiss (company) and thereby enabling it to increase the student population as a mass university. In 1905 the university had 1,100 students and 112 university teachers, so this figure has since been almost twenty-fold. The Friedrich-Schiller University is the only comprehensive university in Thuringia.

Since 1995, there is a university association with the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg and the University of Leipzig. The aim is firstly to give the students the opportunity to visit with relatively few problems at the partner universities and events in order to broaden the range of subjects and topics. Currently e. g. has joined a cooperation in teaching in the field of bioinformatics. In addition, the cooperation provides the university management the opportunity to share experiences with their regular meetings and initiate common projects. So z. B. went from the successful bid to the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) from the university network. The co-operation continues at other levels: for example in a joint mentoring program for female postdocs or in the central German archives network. And last but not least, there are common sports activities.

Since October 2014, the pharmacologist Walter Rosenthal is the president of the university; Chancellor is since 2007 the mathematician Klaus Bartholmé.^[4]

Organization

The university is organized in 10 schools:

Research

Research at Friedrich Schiller University traditionally focusses on both humanities and sciences. In addition to the faculties the following "Collaborative Research Centers" (German "Sonderforschungsbereich", short: "SFB") operate at the university:

CRC 1076 AquaDiva : Understanding the Links Between Surface and Subsurface Biogeosphere
CRC/TR 124 FungiNet: Pathogenic fungi and their human host: Networks of interaction
CRC 1127 ChemBioSys: Chemical Mediators in Complex Biosystems
CRC/TR 166 ReceptorLight: High-end light microscopy elucidates membrane receptor function
CRC 1278 Polymer-based nanoparticle libraries for targeted anti-inflammatory strategiesde
CRC / TR 234 CataLIGHT: Light-driven Molecular Catalysts in Hierarchically Structured Materials – Synthesis and Mechanistic Studiesde
CRC 1375 NOA: Nonlinear Optics down to Atomic Scales

Participations in DFG-Collaborative Research Centres:

CRC 950 Manuskriptkulturen in Asien, Afrika und Europa
CRC/TRR 212 A Novel Synthesis of Individualisation across Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution: Niche Choice, Niche Conformance, Niche Construction

In 2006 the research center, Jena Center – History of the 20th century, was founded. In 2007 the graduate school "Jena School for Microbial Communication" (JSMC) was established within the German Universities Excellence Initiative. In 2008 the Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB) and the interdisciplinary research center Laboratory of the Enlightenment were developed as research institutions. 2014 the "Center of Advanced Research" (ZAF) was established.

Jena University is one of the founder of The German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, that was founded in 2013. It is a research centre of the German Research Foundation (DFG).

Friedrich Schiller University is the only German university with chairs for either gravitational theory or Caucasus Studies.

Rankings

The University of Jena is recognized in several university ranking systems. As per the QS World University Rankings for 2024, the university is ranked 461st in the world and 26th nationally.^[5] In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2024, it is placed at 201-250th globally and 22-24th within the country.^[6] The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2022 places it within the 401-500 bracket globally, and between 25th and 31st in the national context.^[7]

Notable faculty and alumni

Manuk Abeghian Armenian philologist and linguist
Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs (doctorate in astronomy 1951)
Wilibald Artus (1811–1880), Professor of Philosophy
Johann Bachstrom, writer, scientist, physician and Lutheran theologian
Ernst Gottfried Baldinger, German physician
Hans Berger
Otto Binswanger
Albrecht von Blumenthal taught Classical Philology as Privatdozent 1922-8
Rudolf Brandt (1909–1948), Nazi SS officer, executed for war crimes
Werner Braune (1909–1951), Nazi SS officer, executed for war crimes
Alfred Brehm
Clemens Brentano
Rudolf Carnap
Heinrich Cotta, pioneer of scientific forestry
Georg Friedrich Creuzer
Claus Dierksmeier, German philosopher
Carl H. Dorner
Ernst Christoph Dressler (1734–1779), German composer, operatic tenor, violinist and music theorist
Rudolf Christoph Eucken
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Gottlob Frege
Roland Freisler
Michael Fritsch
Johann Matthias Gesner
Nelson Glueck
Peter Griess
Friedrich von Hagedorn
Arvid Harnack
Karl Hase
Gerhart Hauptmann Nobel Prize–winning writer
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Cuno Hoffmeister
Katja Hoyer
Maximilian von Jaunez (1873–1947), industrialist and politician
Thede Kahl
George Kessler
Georg Klaus
Christian Knaut, 17th Century botanist after whom Knautia arvensis was named by Linnaeus
Karl Korsch (graduated from the University of Jena's law school summa cum laude superato, 1911)
Jan Kollár, Panslavist and poet
Li Linsi, Chinese educator and diplomat
István Kováts
Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
Herbert Kroemer, Nobel Prize–winning physicist
August Leskien
Robert Ley
Francis Lieber, emigrant to USA, author of "Lieber Code"
Georg Limnaeus (Magisters der Philosophie, 1581) astronomer, mathematician, natural philosopher, corresponded with Kepler and Galileo
Margaret Schönberger Mahler (Medicine, 1922) Austrian pediatrician, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst
Lucas Maius
Karl Marx (doctorate in absentia, 1841)
Johann Jakob Müller, German moral philosopher
Ernest Nash
Novalis
Ernst Ottwalt
Axel Oxenstierna
Henri Pittier
Samuel von Pufendorf
Gerhard von Rad
Werner Rolfinck
Erich Roth (1910–1947), Nazi Gestapo member executed for war crimes
Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy, doctorate (philosophy) (mathematics)
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Katja Schenke-Layland
Friedrich Schiller
August Wilhelm Schlegel
August Schleicher, German Linguist, Tree model
Matthias Schleiden, German Botanist
Arthur Schopenhauer (philosophy doctorate in absentia, 1813)
Otto Schott, inventor of borosilicate glass
Hugo Schuchardt, linguist
David Spence (rubber chemistry), early pioneer in rubber chemistry
Johann Gustav Stickel, orientalist
Michael Stifel, monk and mathematician
Cajetan Tschink, writer and philosopher
Kurt Tucholsky, journalist and satirist
Erhard Weigel, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher
Christa Wolf, novelist and essayist
Christian Wolff, philosopher
Carl Zeiss, optician

Museums and collections at the University

Among the collections which are open to the public are the Jena Phyletisches Museum, an institution which is unique in Europe for illustrating the history of evolution, the Ernst-Haeckel-Memorialmuseum, the Mineralogical Collection which traces its roots back to Goethe and the second oldest Botanical Garden of Middle Europe. The Schiller Gardenhouse [de] (Schillers Gartenhaus) and the Goethe Memorial at the Botanical Garden are reminders of the two towering geniuses of Jena. Both buildings are also open to the public.

Oriental Collections / Papyrus Collection

The Alphons-Stübel-Collection of Early Photographs from the Orient (1857–1890)
Hilprecht Collection
Orientalisches Münzkabinett (OMJ)
Papyrus Collection

Archaeological Collections

Collection of Ancient Art
Collection of Plaster Casts of Ancient Sculpture
The Photo- and Slide Collection of the Institute of Classical Archaeology
The Collection of Prehistory and Early History
The Bilzingsleben collection
Departement of Art History and Custodia

Natural Sciences and Natural History

The Ernst-Haeckel-Haus
Zygomycetes (Mould Fungi)
Didactics of Biology
Herbarium Haussknecht (JE)
Botanical garden
Phyletic Museum

Mineralogy & Geology

Mineralogical Collection
Teaching Collection of Models for Mineralogy

History of Sciences

Collection of scientific and technical devices for physics
Astronomical collection

Medicine

The Meyer Steineg Collection of Medical History in Jena
Anatomical Collection
Medical History
Goethe Memorial

Notes

^ "Budget and Infrastructure". University of Jena. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Staff". University of Jena. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^ "Student Statistics". University of Jena. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^ Klaus Bartholmé (FSU)
^ ^a ^b "QS World University Rankings 2024". QS World University Rankings. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
^ ^a ^b "World University Rankings 2024". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
^ ^a ^b "2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Academic Ranking of World Universities. Retrieved 15 August 2023.

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jena". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 315.

Literature

Mayhew, Henry (1864): German Life and Manners as Seen in Saxony at the Present Day: With an Account of Village Life – Town Life – Fashionable Life – Domestic Life – Married Life – School and University Life, &c., of Germany at the Present Time: Illustrated with Songs and Pictures of the Student Customs at the University of Jena. In Two Volumes. London [Vol. II, Section VII, Chapter VI-XI: Student Life at Jena].

External links

Official website. Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
University of Jena, statistics. Archived 29 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in German).
Norbert Nail: Der schottische Dichter Charles Hamilton Sorley als Student im Sommer 1914 an Saale, Lahn und Mosel [1] (in German)
Norbert Nail: John Baillie – Schotte, Pastor, Student 1909/11 in Jena und Marburg. In: Studenten-Kurier 3/2017, pp. 16–18. [2] (in German)
Norbert Nail: Ein tödliches Pistolenduell 1848 auf der Trießnitz in (Jena-)Winzerla. In: Studenten-Kurier 1–2/2019, pp. 12–17 [3] (in German – a deadly student duel at Jena)