San Diego International Airport (IATA: SAN, ICAO: KSAN, FAALID: SAN) is the primary international airport serving San Diego and its surrounding metropolitan area, in the U.S. state of California. The airport is located three miles (4.8 km; 2.6 nmi) northwest of downtown San Diego. It covers 663 acres (268 ha) of land and is the third busiest airport in California in terms of passenger traffic.[6][7] It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States.[8]
The airport is owned and operated by the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority.[6][9] It operates in controlled airspace served by Southern California TRACON.[10] The airport's landing approach is well known for its close proximity to the skyscrapers of downtown San Diego,[11] and can sometimes prove difficult to pilots due to the relatively short usable landing area, steep descent angle over the crest of Bankers Hill, and shifting wind currents just before landing.[12][13]
Prior to the development of the airport, the area was a delta river outlet for the San Diego River into San Diego Bay, which was then re routed to terminate to the Pacific Ocean parallel to Mission Bay.[14]
Inspired by Lindbergh's flight and excited to have made his plane, the city of San Diego passed a bond issue in 1928 for the construction of a two-runway municipal airport. Lindbergh encouraged the building of the airport and agreed to lend his name to it.[16] The new airport, dedicated on August 16, 1928, was San Diego Municipal Airport – Lindbergh Field, with 140 Navy and 82 Army planes involved in a flyover.
The airport was the first federally certified airfield to serve all aircraft types, including seaplanes.[17][18] The original terminal was on the northeast side of the field, on Pacific Highway.[17] The airport was also a testing facility for several early US sailplane designs, notably those by William Hawley Bowlus (superintendent of construction on the Spirit of St. Louis) who also operated the Bowlus Glider School at Lindbergh Field from 1929 to 1930.[19] The airport was also the site of a national and world record for women's altitude established in 1930 by Ruth Alexander.[20][21] The airport was also the site of the first transcontinental glider tow by Capt. Frank Hawks departing Lindbergh Field on March 30, 1930, and ending in Van Cortland Park in New York City on April 6, 1930. On June 1, 1930, a regular San Diego–Los Angeles airmail route started. The airport gained international airport status in 1934. In April 1937, United States Coast Guard Air Base was commissioned next to the airfield.[22] The Coast Guard's fixed-wing aircraft used Lindbergh Field until the mid-1990s when their fixed-wing aircraft were assigned elsewhere.[23]
A major defense contractor and contributor to World War II heavy bomber production, Consolidated Aircraft, later known as Convair, had their headquarters on the border of Lindbergh Field, and built many of their military aircraft there. Convair used the airport for test and delivery flights from 1935 to 1995.[24]
The US Army Air Corps took over the field in 1942, improving it to handle the heavy bombers being manufactured in the region. Two camps were established at the airport during World War II and were named Camp Consair and Camp Sahara.[25] This transformation, including an 8,750 ft (2,670 m) runway, made the airport "jet-ready" long before jet airliners came into service.[26] The May 1952 C&GS chart shows an 8,700-ft runway 9 and a 4,500-ft runway 13.
Jet age
Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) established its headquarters in San Diego and started service at Lindbergh Field in 1949. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 42 departures per day: 14 American, 13 United, 6 Western, 6 Bonanza, and 3 PSA (5 PSA on Friday and Sunday). American had a nonstop flight to Dallas and one to El Paso; aside from that, nonstop flights did not reach beyond California and Arizona. The first scheduled flights using jets at Lindbergh Field were in September 1960: American Airlines Boeing 720s to Phoenix and United Airlines 720s to San Francisco. Nonstop flights to Chicago started in 1962 and to New York in 1967.
The airport was built and operated by the City of San Diego through the sale of municipal bonds to be repaid by airport users. In 1962 it was transferred to the San Diego Unified Port District by a state law.[27] The original terminal was on the north side of the airport; the current Terminal 1 opened on the south side of the airport on March 5, 1967. Originally Terminal 1 was only 1 story tall and had no jet bridges, however between 1981 and 1983 Terminal 1 East was given a second floor and jet bridges, and the same was done with Terminal 1 West between 1989 and 1991. Terminal 2 also originally opened on July 11, 1979. These terminals were designed by Paderewski Dean & Associates.[28]
Western Airlines discontinued service to Mexico City in 1981, leaving the airport without any international flights.[29][30] However, in June 1988, the airport's first transatlantic flight was opened, a British Airways flight to London's Gatwick Airport using Boeing 747s and McDonnell Douglas DC-10s.[30] As San Diego airport's customs facility had not been used in seven years and was not up to the US Customs Service's latest security requirements, inbound travelers had to clear customs in Los Angeles, which made the journey cumbersome. After the Port District performed the necessary upgrades, San Diego Airport's customs facility reopened in 1989 - nevertheless, British Airways ended the route in November 1990.[31]
Between 1991 and 1993, the airport's second runway (Runway 13/31) was closed and retrofitted into taxiways D and F. This runway had been much smaller than the main runway (Runway 9/27) and was unable to be used by commercial jets.
In July 1996, the Commuter Terminal opened, a small standalone facility where all short-haul flights to Los Angeles boarded regardless of airline. Terminal 2 itself was expanded westward by 300,000 square feet (27,871 m2) on January 7, 1998. The expanded Terminal 2 and the Commuter Terminal were designed by Gensler and SGPA Architecture and Planning.[32][33]
In 2001, the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority (SDCRAA) was created by California State Assembly Bill 93.[27] The SDCRAA assumed jurisdiction over the airport in December 2002. The Authority changed the airport's name from Lindbergh Field to San Diego International Airport in 2003, reportedly considering the new name "a better fit for a major commercial airport."[34]
Relocation proposals
The former Commuter Terminal had housed administrative offices for the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority, before they relocated to a new building just west of Terminal 2. The Commuter Terminal was demolished in January 2024 to make way for Terminal 1 expansion.
As far back as 1950, there have been proposals to relocate San Diego International Airport. In 1950, the city of San Diego acquired what is today Montgomery-Gibbs Executive Airport and much of the land surrounding it through eminent domain to build a replacement airport, but the Korean War brought with it a massive expansion in jet traffic to nearby Naval Air Station Miramar, which soon rendered a commercial service airport in the area impractical. The CAA refused to fund any major enhancements to SDIA through the 1950s, and at various times the city proposed NAS North Island, Mission Bay, and Brown Field as replacements. Cost, conflicts with the Navy, and potential interference with other air traffic stymied these plans.[35]
While in 1964 the FAA finally agreed to an expansion of SDIA, which led to the construction of today's Terminal 1, it was only allowed with the assurance of San Diego Mayor Charles Dail that it would be a temporary measure until a replacement airport could be found.[36] From that time until 2006, various public agencies conducted studies on potential locations for a replacement airport. One revisited a study done in the 1980s by the City in 1994 when Naval Air Station Miramar closed and was then immediately transferred to the US Marine Corps as Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. Another was by the City of San Diego in 1984 and another that started in 1996 and sat dormant with SANDAG until the airport authority was formed.
In 2001, the SDCRAA projected SAN would be constrained by congestion between 2015 and 2022;[37] the Great Recession, however, extended the forecast capacity limitations into the 2030s.[38] In June 2006, SDCRAA board members selected Marine Corps Air Station Miramar as its preferred site for a replacement airport, despite military objections the compromises this would require would severely interfere with the readiness and training of aviators stationed at the air station.[39] On November 7, 2006, San Diego County residents rejected an advisory relocation ballot that included a joint use proposal measure over these and related concerns over the potential impact reducing the region's military value would have on the defense-focused San Diego economy.[40] With the relocation proposals now defeated, San Diego Airport began looking to improve its existing facilities.
Modern expansion
Terminal 2 West, viewed from Liberty Station
The first of San Diego International Airport's expansions in the 21st century was "The Green Build," an expansion to Terminal 2 West that added 10 gates, a new security area, an expanded concession area ("Sunset Cove"), and a dual-level arrivals/departures roadway.[41] It was completed on August 13, 2013, and cost US$900 million.[42] In January 2016, the airport opened a new consolidated rental car facility on the airport's north side. The US$316 million, 2-million-square-foot (190,000 m2) facility houses 14 rental car companies and is served by shuttle buses to and from the terminals.[43] A new three-story parking structure in front of Terminal 2 broke ground in July 2016 and completed in May 2018.[42][44]
Due to the sharp rise of international travel at the airport, with traffic at international arrival gates 20, 21 and 22 increasing "from 50,000 passengers a year in 1990 to more than 400,000 a year in 2017,"[45] a new immigration and customs facility at Terminal 2 West began construction in 2017.[46][47] The new facility was partially built into the now-four year old Green Build, adding a new upper level and vertical cores to move passengers from existing Green Build gates (46, 47, 48, 49, 50, and 51) to 55,000 square feet of new international arrivals facilities at the southwest corner of the terminal.[48] The facility was completed in June 2018 and is almost five times the size of its predecessor.[45]
In 2021, the airport began construction on a complete replacement of Terminal 1, as per the Airport Development Plan (ADP), a study by the airport that began in 2016.[49]
The new Terminal 1's construction is split into two phases. The first phase consists of a new 19-gate standalone facility east of the original Terminal 1, as well as a new 7,500-space parking structure, a new dual-level arrivals/departures roadway to match Terminal 2's, a new entry road parallel to Harbor Drive, and an expanded aircraft taxiway A to pair with existing taxiway B.[50][51] This first phase is scheduled to open in 2025 with a budget of US$2.6 billion, and is 60% complete as of April 4, 2024.[52] The second phase, planned to open in 2028, will demolish the original Terminal 1 and replace it with 11 additional gates for the new Terminal 1.[53] Space was also set aside west of the new parking structure for an unspecified rail transit station to connect the Airport to downtown San Diego, although neither constructing this station nor constructing tracks leading to it are the responsibility of the airport.[54]
2016's ADP also planned for a new airport operations center to replace the one located within the long-decommissioned and now-demolished Commuter Terminal. This was completed in December 2023.[55] A further westward expansion to Terminal 2 West was also called for in the ADP, which would increase the total number of gates at the airport to 61. While the airport may decide to move forward with this third phase at some point, it is not expected to be completed before 2035 at the earliest.[56]
Facilities
San Diego International Airport Terminal 2
Terminals
San Diego International Airport has two terminals and 51 gates:
Terminal 1 has two concourses (East and West). The terminal currently has 14 gates (5-18), Five gates (1, 1A, 2, 3 and 4) were demolished by early 2022, to make room for the construction of the New T1 project.
Terminal 2 has two concourses (East and West), 32 gates, and four lounges (Aspire Lounge, Chase Sapphire Lounge by The Club,[57] Delta Sky Club, United Club).
Runway
SAN runway and terminal layout prior to June 2015
The airport has one runway, designated 09/27 for its magnetic headings of 095 degrees (106 True) and 275 degrees (286 True). The runway, built of asphalt and concrete, measures 9,401 by 200 feet (2,865 m × 61 m). Each end has a displaced threshold: on Runway 27, the first 1,810 feet (550 m) are displaced, while the first 1,000 feet (300 m) are displaced on Runway 9.
Westerly winds predominate, so most takeoffs and landings use Runway 27. The approach to Runway 27 is unusually steep due to utility poles and buildings over 200 ft (61 m) tall that are located within 2 miles (3.2 km) of the east end of the runway. Nearby skyscrapers are no factor.
The final approach to Runway 27 has also gained notoriety among passengers for the unusual experience of flying relatively low and close to San Diego's densely populated downtown, and has drawn comparisons to Kansas City's Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport and Hong Kong's former Kai Tak Airport.[58] From the left side of the aircraft, the approach offers closeup views of skyscrapers, Petco Park (home of the San Diego Padres), San Diego Bay, and the San Diego–Coronado Bridge, while Balboa Park, site of the 1915–1916 Panama–California Exposition, can be seen on the right. Contrary to local lore, the parking garage located 800 feet (240 m) from the east of the end of the runway was built in the 1980s – long after previous obstructions also on the east side of I-5 were built – and does not affect the approach.
To appease the concerns of the airport's neighbors regarding noise and to head off any ensuing lawsuits, a curfew was implemented in 1979 whereby takeoffs are only allowed between 6:30 a.m. and 11:30 p.m. Outside these hours, they are subject to a large fine. However, law enforcement, emergency, fire or rescue aircraft, and medical flights can operate normally. Arrivals are permitted 24 hours per day.[59] While several flights have scheduled departure times before 6:30 a.m., these are pushback times, and the first takeoff roll does not occur until 6:30 a.m.
Ground transportation
The airport is on North Harbor Drive, which is accessible from Interstate 5 northbound via the Hawthorn Street exit and southbound via the Sassafras Street exit. Short-term parking is located in front of both terminals: Terminal 2 has covered parking plaza and an outdoor lot, while Terminal 1 only has an outdoor lot. Long term parking is on North Harbor Drive to the east of the terminals and is served by shuttle buses.[60]
Both terminals have designated areas for taxis and ride-share pickups.[61]
Metropolitan Transit System Route 992: operates between downtown San Diego, Terminal 1, Terminal 2 East, and Terminal 2 West. Route 992 operates from 5 a.m. to 12:45 a.m. with buses arriving every 15 minutes.[63] Route 992 connects to several major transportation hubs in downtown San Diego:
Metropolitan Transit System Route 923: operates between Ocean Beach and Downtown San Diego, stopping just outside the airport on North Harbor Drive from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. every 30 minutes on weekdays. Service does not operate on weekends.[64]
TERMINAL → TROLLEY shuttle: buses serving the rental car center make a stop at the corner of Admiral Boland Way and West Palm Street, one block (about 900 feet [270 m]) from Middletown station served by the Blue and Green lines of the San Diego Trolley.[65]
San Diego Flyer shuttle: complimentary buses operate between the airport and Old Town Transit Center every 20 to 30 minutes. Pickup and drop-offs are timed to meet the first and last Trolley, Coasters, Amtrak trains, and MTS buses. Passengers can transfer via Old Town Transit Center to Amtrak, Coaster, along with Blue and Green lines trains of the San Diego Trolley.[66]
Extension of the San Diego Trolley to directly serve the airport terminals, has been proposed several times but has not yet come to fruition. A 2021 study has found that such an extension to the airport is feasible and could be completed within ten years.[67]
Military
Coast Guard Air Station San Diego is near the southeast corner of the airport. The installation originally supported seaplane operations during the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, when the station had HU-25 Guardian jets assigned.[68]
Airline Support Building
The 93,000-square-foot (8,600 m2) Airline Support Building, which houses cargo operations and storage areas for aircraft provisions, and serves as a pick up and drop off point for live animals and large cargo, opened on July 20, 2021. Located on the south side of the airfield along North Harbor Drive, the building counts among its cargo tenants Alaska Airlines, American, Delta, Hawaiian, Lufthansa, Southwest, Sun Country, and United.[69] The design-build project to construct the facility was awarded to SUNDT construction in 2018 for approximately $130 million.[70]
Stormwater is captured on Terminal 2 Parking Plaza and used in the cooling towers that heat, ventilate and air condition the terminals and jet bridges.[72][73]
A portion of the southeast infield at San Diego International Airport is set aside as a nesting site for the endangered California least tern. April through September is the least tern nesting season at SAN. Since 1970, this endangered migratory sea bird has found a suitable nesting site each year in the sand and gravel located in four oval areas between the runway and airplane taxiway. Approximately 135 nests were established there in 2007.[74]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Annual passenger traffic at SAN airport.
See Wikidata query.
Note: Obtained passenger data for 2011–present from air traffic reports; data does not match up with the Historical Passenger table from 2011-2018.
Accidents and incidents
On April 29, 1929, a Ford Trimotor operated by Maddux Air Lines collided in mid-air with a PW-9D shortly after taking off from Lindbergh Field. The aircraft collided over downtown San Diego, killing all five aboard the Trimotor and the USAAC pilot of PW-9D. According to eyewitness accounts, shortly before the collision the Air Corps pilot had been flying extremely close to the larger airliner in an impromptu show for viewers on the ground, when he misjudged the distance between the two aircraft and crashed into it.[100]
On June 2, 1941, the first British Consolidated LB-30 Liberator II, AL503, on its acceptance flight for delivery from the Consolidated Aircraft Company plant in San Diego, crashed into San Diego Bay[101] when the flight controls froze, killing all five of the civilian crew: Consolidated Aircraft Company's chief test pilot William Wheatley, co-pilot Alan Austen, flight engineer Bruce Kilpatrick Craig, and two chief mechanics, Lewis McCannon and William Reiser. Craig had been commissioned a 2nd lieutenant in the US Army Reserve in 1935 following Infantry ROTC training at the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering. He had applied for a commission in the US Army Air Corps before his death; this was granted posthumously, with the rank of 2nd lieutenant. On August 25, 1941, the airfield in his hometown of Selma, Alabama was renamed Craig Field, later Craig Air Force Base.[102] Investigation into the cause of the accident caused a two-month delay in deliveries, resulting in the Royal Air Force not receiving Liberator IIs until August 1941.[citation needed]
On May 10, 1943, the first Consolidated XB-32 Dominator, 41–141, crashed on take-off at Lindbergh Field, likely from failure of the flaps. Although the bomber did not burn when it piled up at the end of the runway, Consolidated's senior test pilot Dick McMakin was killed. Six others on board were injured.[103] This was one of only two twin-finned B-32s (41–142 was the other); all subsequent planes had a PB4Y-style single tail.[citation needed]
On November 22, 1944, Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer, BuNo59544, on a pre-delivery test flight from Lindbergh Field, took off at 12:23 am, lost its left outer wing on climb-out, and crashed in a ravine in an undeveloped area of Loma Portal near the Naval Training Center, less than 2 miles (3.2 km) from the runway. All six members of the Consolidated Vultee test crew were killed, including pilot Marvin R. Weller, co-pilot Conrad C. Cappe, flight engineers Frank D. Sands and Clifford P. Bengston, radio operator Robert B. Skala, and Consolidated Vultee field operations employee Ray Estes. A wing panel landed on a home at 3121 Kingsley Street in Loma Portal. The cause was found to be 98 missing bolts; the wing was only attached with four spar bolts. Four employees who either were responsible for installation, or were inspectors who signed off on the undone work, were fired two days later. A San Diego coroner's jury found Consolidated Vultee guilty of "gross negligence" by vote of 11–1 on January 5, 1945, and the Bureau of Aeronautics reduced its contract by one at a cost to firm of US$155,000. Consolidated Vultee paid out US$130,484 to the families of the six dead crew.[104]
On April 5, 1945, the prototype Ryan XFR-1 Fireball, BuNo48234, on a test flight over Lindbergh Field, lost skin between the front and rear spars of the right wing, interrupting airflow over the wing and causing it to break apart. Ryan test pilot Dean Lake bailed out as the airframe disintegrated. The wreckage struck a brand new Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer, BuNo 59836, just accepted by the US Navy and preparing to depart for the modification center at Litchfield Park, Arizona. The bomber caught fire and the four man Navy crew was forced to evacuate the burning PB4Y, with aviation machinist J. H. Randall suffering first, second, and third degree burns and minor lacerations while the rest of the crew was uninjured.[105]
On April 30, 1945, just before midnight, the first production Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer, BuNo59359, was being prepared on the ramp at Lindbergh Field for a flight to Naval Air Station Twin Cities in Minneapolis, Minnesota. A mechanic attempted to remove the left battery solenoid, located 14 inches (36 cm) below the cockpit floor, but did so without disconnecting the battery. A ratchet wrench accidentally punctured a hydraulic line 3 inches (7.6 cm) above the battery and the fluid ignited, setting the entire aircraft alight. The mechanic suffered severe burns. Only the number four (outer right) engine was deemed salvageable. The cause was an unqualified mechanic attempting a task that only a qualified electrician should perform.[106]
On August 5, 1952, Convair B-36D-25-CF Peacemaker, 49-2661, returning from a pre-delivery test after being modified for the San-San project, suffered an uncontrollable engine fire in the right wing while attempting to land at Lindbergh Field. The #4 and #5 engines fell off the aircraft as the Convair test crew steered the crippled bomber towards the ocean. Seven of the eight crew on board bailed out, with Pilot David H. Franks heroically electing to stay with the aircraft to prevent it turning back towards the heavily populated coast,[107] but flight engineer W.W. Hoffman drowned before he could be rescued. A USAF accident investigation was inconclusive, with a failure in the #5 engine's alternator, supercharger, fuel or exhaust systems suggested as possible causes.[108]
On July 15, 1953, the prototype Convair XP5Y-1 Tradewindseaplane, BuNo121455, on a test flight off Point Loma after taking off from the water next to Lindbergh Field, fractured an elevator torque tube rendering the aircraft uncontrollable. All nine on board bailed out safely and were rescued.[109]
On November 4, 1954, an experimental Convair YF2Y Sea Dartseaplane, BuNo135762, on a demonstration flight for Navy officials over San Diego Bay after taking off from the water next to Lindbergh Field, disintegrated in mid-air after its pilot inadvertently exceeded the airframe's structural limits. Convair test pilot Charles E. Richbourg was pulled from the water but did not survive.[110]
On September 25, 1978, a Boeing 727-200 operating flight PSA Flight 182 on the Sacramento–Los Angeles–San Diego route collided in mid-air with a Cessna 172 while attempting to land at San Diego Airport. The two aircraft collided over San Diego's North Park neighborhood, killing all 135 people on Flight 182, the two people in the Cessna, and seven people on the ground. An NTSB accident investigation found the probable accident's cause was the PSA flight crew's failure to inform the tower they had lost sight of the Cessna, in contradiction to air traffic control instructions to "keep visual separation" from the smaller aircraft. Other factors named were errors on the part of ATC, including the use of pilot-maintained visual separation when ATC-monitored radar clearances were available, and an unexpected turn by the Cessna that put it directly in the path of the 727.[111]
On October 21, 2009, Northwest Airlines Flight 188 took off from San Diego International Airport at 5:01 p.m. CDT (3:01 pm in San Diego). It was supposed to land at 8:01 p.m. CDT. Just under two hours after takeoff, at 6:56 p.m. CDT, air traffic control lost radio contact with the aircraft while it was over Denver. Air traffic control at Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport reestablished radio contact with the plane at 8:14 p.m. CDT, by which time the flight was over Eau Claire, Wisconsin, roughly 100 miles (160 km) east of Minneapolis. Fortunately the aircraft gained radio contact and finally landed, over an hour late, at 9:04 p.m. CDT. There were no injuries.[citation needed]
On August 11, 2023, Southwest Airlines Flight 2493 and a Cessna Citation V business jet nearly collided, but this was avoided when the Cessna aborted its landing and passed over the Southwest plane waiting to depart by 100 feet. There were no injuries.[112]
^"Southern California TRACON (SCT)". US Federal Aviation Administration. Archived from the original on May 29, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017. Southern California TRACON (SCT) serves most airports in Southern California and guides about 2.2 million planes over roughly 9,000 square miles in a year, making our facility one of the busiest in the world.
^Lori Weisberg (August 3, 2011). "How safe is San Diego airport?". Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019. Anyone who's ever glanced skyward as a jetliner is making its final approach into Lindbergh Field would swear that it could easily scrape one of the high-rises in its path. As scary as the impending landing seems, San Diego International Airport is in fact the seventh safest airfield in the U.S., according to Travel + Leisure magazine.
^Sean Breslin (March 21, 2017). "The 10 Most Challenging U.S. Airports, According to Honeywell". Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019. Weather in San Diego is known for being ideal much of the year, but there are other factors that make arrivals and departures to this airport among the toughest in the nation. According to Honeywell, pilots must make a steep approach into the airport, and strong tailwinds can also be present.
^RALPH FRAMMOLINO and GEORGE RAMOS (April 26, 1988). "S.D. Airport Rated 5th on Danger List: Pilots Call LAX Most Dangerous in Nation". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019. The mountains to the east force pilots to make a steep landing on a relatively short runway, said Dick Russell, a United Airlines pilot and area safety coordinator for the Air Line Pilots Assn. (ALPA) chapter in Los Angeles. The runway measures 9,400 feet, but angling in over the man-made and natural obstacles effectively shortens that by 1,800 feet, Russell said.
^"San Diego Municipal Airport". California Military Museum System. California Military Department. March 25, 2016. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016. Two cantonment areas, Camps Consair and Sahara, were constructed to house troops attending factory schools and other Army activities located at the airport.
^"Official site". San.org. February 15, 2012. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
^"Airport Master Plan". San Diego International Airport. San Diego County Regional Airport Authority. December 11, 2005. Archived from the original on December 11, 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
^Moser, Robert Harlan (2002). Past Imperfect: A Personal History of an Adventuresome Lifetime in and Around Medicine. iUniverse. p. 242. ISBN0595263887. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2019. Before the new monster island skyport (Chek Lap Kok) was created, Kai Tak was jammed into an unbelievably small area, seemingly in the midst of downtown Kowloon. (The approach and take off will always rank close to the top of "One's Greatest Air Travel Adventures." It reminded me of the old Kansas City and current San Diego flight paths, but even scarier; you zoomed in at penthouse level, eye-balling surrounding, not-too-tall office buildings.)
^"Frequently Asked Questions". san.org. The San Diego County Regional Airport Authority. Archived from the original on November 13, 2009. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^"Parking". San Diego International Airport. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
^"To and From". San Diego International Airport. Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
^"Transit Brochure"(PDF). San Diego County Regional Airport Authority. August 15, 2018. Archived(PDF) from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
^Johnsen, Frederick A., "Dominator: Last and Unluckiest of the Hemisphere Bombers", Wings, Granada Hills, California, February 1974, Volume 4, Number 1, p. 10.
^Veronico, Nicholas A., " 'Failure at the Factory", Air Enthusiast, Stamford, Lincs, UK, Number 124, July–August 2006, pp.31–33.
^Veronico, Nicholas A., " 'Failure at the Factory", Air Enthusiast, Stamford, Lincs, UK, Number 124, July–August 2006, p. 33.
^Veronico, Nicholas A., " 'Failure at the Factory", Air Enthusiast, Stamford, Lincs, UK, Number 124, July–August 2006, p. 35.
^Associated Press, "Civilian Pilot Hailed as B-36 Crash Hero: Bomber Turned Away From Crowded Beach Area Before Explosion Near San Diego", Los Angeles Times, August 7, 1952.
^"Report of Special Investigation of Major Aircraft Accident Involving B-36D, SN 49-2661, at San Diego Bay, San Diego, California, on 5 August 1952", Office of The Inspector General USAF, Norton Air Force Base, San Bernardino, California, September 19, 1952.
^Macha, G. Pat (2016). Historic Aircraft Wrecks of San Diego County. The History Press. p. 133. ISBN978-1-46711-836-1.
^Jackson, Robert (1986). Combat Aircraft Prototypes Since 1945. Arco/Prentice Hall Press. p. 161. ISBN0-671-61953-5.
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Sgurr nan Gillean en las Cuillin, isla de Skye. Un munro es una montaña escocesa con una altura por encima de los 3000 pies (910 m s. n. m.). Reciben este nombre por Sir Hugh Munro (1856–1919), quien elaboró la primera compilación de un catálogo de tales colinas, conocidas como las Munro's Tables (Tablas de Munro), en 1891. Una «Munro top» («cumbre Munro») es una cima por encima de 910 metros que no está considerada como una montaña individual. Historia Antes de la publicaci...
فاليو سيرا شعار الإحداثيات 44°47′50″N 8°20′24″E / 44.797222222222°N 8.34°E / 44.797222222222; 8.34 [1] تقسيم إداري البلد إيطاليا[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة أستي خصائص جغرافية المساحة 4.76 كيلومتر مربع (9 أكتوبر 2011)[3] ارتفاع 278 متر عدد السكان ع...
Cycle sport Freestyle BMXHighest governing bodyUCICharacteristicsTypeCycle sportEquipmentBMX bikePresenceCountry or regionWorldwideOlympicYes Freestyle BMX is bicycle motocross stunt riding on BMX bikes. It is an extreme sport descended from BMX racing that consists of five disciplines: street, park, vert, trails, and flatland. In June 2017, the International Olympic Committee announced that freestyle park was to be added as an Olympic event to the 2020 Summer Olympics.[1] E...
Unincorporated community in Iowa, United StatesVinje, IowaUnincorporated communityVinje, IowaCoordinates: 43°28′24″N 93°40′37″W / 43.47333°N 93.67694°W / 43.47333; -93.67694CountryUnited StatesStateIowaCountyWinnebagoElevation1,263 ft (385 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code641GNIS feature ID464787[1] Vinje is an unincorporated community in Logan Township, Winnebago County, Iowa, United States.&#...
Парца Река Парца около посёлка Зубова Поляна, 1999 год Характеристика Длина 117 км Бассейн 2700 км² Водоток Исток (Т) (B) • Местоположение в 8 км от деревни Иванцево Спасского района Пензенской области • Координаты 53°56′56″ с. ш. 43°28′19″ в. д.H...
For the novel by Ken Kesey, see Sailor Song. 1999 single by Toy-BoxThe Sailor SongSingle by Toy-Boxfrom the album Fantastic ReleasedAugust 25, 1999Recorded1998Length3:12LabelPlayground, Edel, Victor, Mega RecordsSongwriter(s)Kasper Manniche, Toy-Box, Golden ChildProducer(s)Toy-BoxToy-Box singles chronology Best Friend (1998) The Sailor Song (1999) Superstar (2001) Music videoThe Sailor Song on YouTube The Sailor Song (accompanied with the slogan Guaranteed To Make You Feel Good!) is a song by...
Cereseto Cereseto adalah komune yang terletak di distrik Provinsi Alessandria, Italia. Kota Cereseto memiliki luas sebesar 10.4 km². Cereseto pada tahun 2001, memiliki penduduk sebanyak 471 jiwa. lbsKomune di Provinsi AlessandriaA–B Acqui Terme Albera Ligure Alessandria Alfiano Natta Alice Bel Colle Alluvioni Piovera Altavilla Monferrato Alzano Scrivia Arquata Scrivia Avolasca Balzola Basaluzzo Bassignana Belforte Monferrato Bergamasco Berzano di Tortona Bistagno Borghetto di Borbera Borgo...
Diócesis de Vladivostok Dioecesis Vladivostoken(sis) (en latín) SEDE SUPRIMIDA Antigua catedral de Vladivostok, actualmente parroquiaInformación generalIglesia católicaIglesia sui iuris latinaRito romanoSufragánea de Inmediatamente sujeta a la Santa SedeFecha de erección 2 de febrero de 1923Fecha de supresión 11 de febrero de 2002SedeCatedral Madre de DiosCiudad sede VladivostokPaís Rusia Rusia[editar datos en Wikidata] La diócesis de Vladivostok (en latín: Dioecesis Vladi...
American physicist, parapsychologist, and author Russell TargBorn (1934-04-11) April 11, 1934 (age 89)NationalityAmericanOccupationsPhysicistparapsychologistauthorKnown forRemote viewingSpouses Joan Fischer (died 1998) Patricia Kathleen Phillips (m. 2003)Children3, including Elisabeth TargRelativesBobby Fischer (brother-in-law)Websiteespresearch.com Part of a series onParanormal Main articles Astral projection Ast...
Index of human well-being and environmental impact Map showing countries shaded by their score in the Happy Planet Index (2019). The Happy Planet Index (HPI) is an index of human well-being and environmental impact that was introduced by the New Economics Foundation in 2006. Each country's HPI value is a function of its average subjective life satisfaction, life expectancy at birth, and ecological footprint per capita. The exact function is a little more complex, but conceptually it approxima...
Spanish guitarist and conductor Angel RomeroBackground informationBorn (1946-08-17) August 17, 1946 (age 77)Málaga, SpainGenresclassical musicOccupation(s)musician, composer, conductorInstrument(s)classical guitarLabelsRCA VictorWebsiteangelromero.comMusical artist Angel Romero (born August 17, 1946 in Málaga) is a Spanish classical guitarist, conductor and former member of the guitar quartet Los Romeros. He is the youngest son of Celedonio Romero, who in 1957 left Spain for the United...
German entomologist Friedrich Julius Schilsky Friedrich Julius Schilsky (1848–1912) was a German entomologist. He was secretary of the Entomological Society of Berlin. His principal work was a catalogue of German beetles Systematisches Verzeichnis der Käfer Deutschlands, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer geographischen Verbreitung. Zugleich ein Käfer-Verzeichnis der Mark Brandenburg (Berlin, 1888). In 1894, he continued Die Käfer Europas started by Heinrich Carl Küster (1807–1876...
Imperial HotelImperial Hotel, Russell Square, 2017Location within Central LondonHotel chainImperial London HotelsGeneral informationAddress61-66 Russell SquareTown or cityLondon, WC1B 5BBCountryUnited KingdomCoordinates51°31′18″N 0°07′27″W / 51.5218°N 0.1241°W / 51.5218; -0.1241Websitewww.imperialhotels.co.uk/hotels/IMPERIAL The Imperial Hotel is a hotel on the east side of Russell Square, a branch of Imperial London Hotels.[1] - a chain of bud...
Turkish valley of archaeological interest and Islamic eschatological significance Amik ValleyAmik OvasıٱلْأَعْمَاقShown within TurkeyShow map of TurkeyAmik Valley (Middle East)Show map of Middle EastAmik Valley (Asia)Show map of AsiaAlternative name Amuq Valley LocationHatay, TurkeyRegionAsh-ShaamCoordinates36°20′N 36°20′E / 36.33°N 36.33°E / 36.33; 36.33TypeCluster of TellsHistoryPeriodsPPNB, NeolithicSite notesConditionRuinsPublic access...
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