For the island just off the tip of the southwestern Nova Scotia mainland, see Cape Sable Island. For the non-existent island named Île de Sable, see Sandy Island, New Caledonia.
Place in Nova Scotia, Canada
Sable Island
île de Sable
Island as seen from the Space Shuttle in April 1994. North is in the lower left corner.
Sable Island (French: île de Sable, literally "island of sand") is a small Canadian island situated 300 km (190 mi) southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and about 175 km (109 mi) southeast of the closest point of mainland Nova Scotia in the North Atlantic Ocean. The island is staffed year round by three Parks Canada staff, rising during summer months when research projects and tourism increase. Notable for its role in early Canadian history and the Sable Island horse, the island is protected and managed by Parks Canada, which must grant permission prior to any visit. Sable Island is part of District 7 of the Halifax Regional Municipality[3] in Nova Scotia. The island is also a protected National Park Reserve and an Important Bird Area.[4]
Nautical Chart, Atlantic Sea Pilot, 1884
History
Early history
The expedition of Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes explored this region in 1520–1521 and his expedition was among the first Europeans to encounter the island. It is likely that he named the island "Fagunda" after himself.[5] An island called Fagunda appears on later Portuguese maps placed to the southeast of Cape Breton, fairly near its present location; however, the identification of Sable Island with Fagunda is not certain.[6] On the other hand, 16th-century Portuguese sources describe a fishing colony founded by the navigator in Cape Breton Island,[7] further north. It is also possible that Fagundes sighted the island while heading southwest, reaching the Bay of Fundy, as the 1558 map of Diogo Homem and later Samuel de Champlain suggested, but this is unclear.[8] The island was inhabited sporadically by sealers, shipwreck survivors, and salvagers known as "wreckers".
Troilus de La Roche de Mesgouez attempted to colonize the New World with convicts in 1598. When the convicts mutinied, they were left on the treeless and stoneless Sable Island. Most of the settlers died, but a few managed to survive in mud dwellings for five years before being returned to France in 1603.[9][10][11]
Shipwrecks
Sable Island is famous for its large number of shipwrecks. An estimated 350 vessels are believed to have fallen victim to the island's sand bars. Thick fogs, treacherous currents, and the island's location in the middle of a major transatlantic shipping route and rich fishing grounds account for the large number of wrecks. The first recorded wreck was the English ship Delight (1583) in 1583, part of Humphrey Gilbert's Newfoundland expedition.[12] There were at least three incidents of ship-wrecks in the 1700s. In 1736, a well-known Presbyterian preacher, the Irish-born Rev. Robert Dunlap (1715–1776), wrecked on the island on his way to America.[13] Decades later, there were two major shipwrecks: In November 1760, Major Robert Elliot (1715 – after 1765) of the 43rd regiment was shipwrecked on Sable Island; he was rescued in January 1761.[14] En route to Prince Edward Island under the command of Major Timothy Hierlihy, Lieutenant Anthony Kennedy[15] and 25 men wrecked on the island in November 1778. The crew was stranded on the island for the winter. Two died, and the remainder were rescued and transported to Halifax the following April.[16][17] It is likely that the construction of lighthouses on each end of the island in 1873 contributed to the decrease in shipwrecks.
The last major shipwreck was the steamship USS Manhasset in 1947. Her crew were all saved, the last significant rescue of the Sable lifesaving station.[18] After the 1991 Perfect Storm, the commercial fishing vessel Andrea Gail's emergency position-indicating radiobeacon (EPIRB) was discovered on the shore of Sable Island on November 6, 1991, nine days after the last transmission from the crew. Other items found were fuel drums, a fuel tank, an empty life raft, and some other flotsam. No crew members have been found and are presumed to have perished. No further wrecks occurred until 1999, when the three crew members of the yacht Merrimac survived after their sloop ran aground due to a navigational error.[19] Few of the wrecks surrounding the island are visible, as they are usually crushed and buried by the sand.[20] On 12 July 2024 the bodies of Sarah Packwood and her Canadian husband Brett Clibbery were found in a lifeboat that washed up on Sable Island; they had left Nova Scotia 11 June 2024 on their sail yacht Theros trying to sail to the Azores and had been reported missing 18 June 2024.[21][22]
The Nova Scotia Rescue Station
A series of life-saving stations were established on Sable Island by the governor of Nova Scotia, John Wentworth, in 1801. The rescue station began the continuous human presence on the island which continues today. Wentworth appointed James Morris, a Nova Scotian veteran of the British Royal Navy as the first superintendent of the island. Morris settled on the island in October 1801 with his family. By the time Morris died on the island in 1809, he had built up the humanitarian settlement to include a central station, two rescue boat stations, several lookout posts and survivor shelters.[23] The station's rescue equipment was upgraded in 1854 with the latest generation of self-bailing lifeboats and life cars through the fundraising efforts of social reformer Dorothea Dix who had visited the island in the previous year.[24]
After Confederation and creation of a weather station
The island became property of the federal government during Canadian Confederation in 1867, with the Island being specifically referenced in an appendix to the British North America Act.[25] The federal government later added two lighthouses in 1872: Sable Island East End Light (cylindrical skeletal tower built 1980s, replacing earlier iterations from 1873, 1888, 1917 and 1951) on the eastern tip and Sable Island West End Light (pyramidal skeletal tower built 1979 replacing earlier towers from 1873, 1903 and 1935) on the western end.[26] Until the advent of modern ship navigation, Sable Island was home to the families of the life-saving crews and the lighthouse keepers. In the early 20th century, the Marconi Company established a wireless station on the island and the Canadian government similarly established a weather station. Several generations of island staff were born and raised families of their own on the island, although a decline in shipwrecks gradually reduced the size of the lifesaving community. Only two people have been born on Sable Island since 1920.[27]
Improvements in navigation led to a dramatic drop in shipwrecks by the mid 20th century. As such, the rescue station on Sable was reduced and eventually closed in 1958. The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) first automated in the 1960s and eventually decommissioned the West light station in 2004 leaving only the East lighthouse active. However, during this period, the island's role in science grew, first in weather research. The Canadian government expanded the collection of weather data originally started by the rescue station into a full meteorological station operated by Environment Canada and Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The station conducted routine atmospheric and meteorological studies from a permanently occupied station on Sable Island until August 20, 2019.[28] In addition to weather studies, research on the island expanded to a range of ecological and wildlife studies due to its unique position in the Atlantic.
Sable Island is specifically mentioned in the British North America Act 1867, Part 4, Section 91 as being the special responsibility of the federal government ("the exclusive Legislative Authority of the Parliament of Canada extends to ... 9. Beacons, Buoys, Lighthouses, and Sable Island"). For this reason it is considered a separate amateur radio "entity" (equivalent to a country for award credit), and with visiting operations using the special callsign prefix CY0. Because it is a separate radio entity, Sable Island is a popular DX-pedition destination.[29]
Out of concern for preserving the island's frail ecology, all visitors to the island, including recreational boaters, require specific permission from Parks Canada. Sable Island's heliport contains emergency aviation fuel for search and rescue helicopters, which use the island to stage further offshore into the Atlantic. When the Sable Offshore Energy Project was active, the island was designated as an emergency evacuation point for crews aboard nearby drilling rigs. In 2017, Exxon Mobil began the plugging and abandonment of the production wells in the Thebaud field (the Sable Offshore Energy Project wells closest to Sable Island); all facilities were removed by November 2020.[30]
On October 17, 2011,[33] the Nova Scotia government entered into an agreement with the federal government to eventually protect the island as a national park.[34] The news followed an announcement made by the federal government in May 2010, increasing the level of protection the island receives by transferring control from the Canadian Coast Guard to Parks Canada, which manages the island under the Canada National Parks Act.[35] The establishment of the park reserve means that the island, and the surrounding area within 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi), cannot be drilled for oil or natural gas.[36]
Sable Island became a National Park Reserve on June 20, 2013, with approval of Mi'kmaq stakeholders. Full national park status has yet to be achieved, pending settlement of Indigenous land claims. The park is home to hundreds of species of flora and fauna including a breed of the unique Sable Island horse. The park is also a breeding ground for marine life.[37]
In July 2016, a hike across Sable Island was added to Google Street View. Google worked with Parks Canada to add the interactive views of Sable and five other Canadian National Parks.[38] The imagery was collected in September 2015 by a Parks Canada employee who carried a backpack version of the Street View car camera around an area on the centre of the island, part of Google's Trekker program which explores off-road scenic locations. The route follows a hiking route that Parks Canada staff uses to escort adventure tourists who visit the island.[39]
Geography
Sable Island is a narrow, crescent-shaped sandbar with a surface area estimated around 34 km2 (13 sq mi). Despite being approximately 43.15 km (26.81 mi) long, it is only 1.21 km (0.75 mi) across at its widest point. The maximum elevation is about 30 m (98 ft).[40] The long crescent-shaped island rises gently from the shallows of the continental shelf approximately 285 km (177 mi) east of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its location, in tandem with the area's frequent fog and sudden strong storms (such as hurricanes and nor'easters), have resulted in over 350 recorded shipwrecks. It is often referred to as the Graveyard of the Atlantic,[41] as it sits astride the great circle route from North America's east coast to Europe. The nearest landfall is 160 kilometres (99 mi) to the northwest near Canso, Nova Scotia.
Sable Island is believed to have formed from a terminal moraine deposited on the continental shelf near the end of the last Ice Age.[42] It is slowly moving as waves erode the western shore and new sand is added on the eastern shore, and continually changing shape through the effects of strong winds and violent ocean storms.
Sable Island from the northwest
The island has several freshwater ponds on the south side between the station and west light; however, in recent years their protecting dune-line has been eroded to such an extent that they are changing from one year to the next. In prior years, a brackish lake named Lake Wallace existed in the centre of the south beach. At its largest, it extended for many miles; indeed, during World War II, amphibious aircraft landed on it. Over the years, the lake shrank with an infilling of sand, until in late 2011, it filled in entirely and disappeared. Since the south beach is subject to flooding during fall storms, photos often show water in the area around the former location of Lake Wallace; however, this flooded area is relatively shallow (only a few feet at most) and is not a remnant of the lake. The original lake was of a significant enough depth that even during times when the area was flooded, the lake could be seen in aerial photographs as a darker (deeper) patch in the middle of the flooded area.
The island is a part of the Halifax Regional Municipality, the federal electoral district of Halifax, and the provincial electoral district of Halifax Citadel, although the urban area of Halifax proper is some 300 km (190 mi) away on the Nova Scotian mainland.
Climate
Sable Island has an oceanic climate (KöppenCfb) using the −3 °C isotherm, with its climate being strongly influenced by the sea.[43] As such, winter temperatures average near freezing while during the summer months, daily maximum temperatures average around 20 °C (68.0 °F).[43] The average annual variation in temperature on Sable Island is only 18.6 °C (33.5 °F) owing to the influence from the sea compared to 24.3 °C (43.7 °F) at Halifax and 38.9 °C (70.0 °F) in Winnipeg.[43] Generally, February is the coldest month while August is the warmest month.[43]
Sable Island averages 1,372 millimetres (54.0 in) of precipitation a year, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, though October through January are the wettest months due to frequent and intense fall and winter storms.[43] Being located in the path of major frontal storms and tropical cyclones year-round, most of the precipitation comes from these storms.[43] Thunderstorms are occasional, and happen on an average of 11 days per year.[43] There are frequent heavy fogs in the area due to the contrasting effects of the cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream: on average there are 127 days out of the year that have at least 1 hour of fog.[43] This makes Sable Island the foggiest place in the Maritimes.[43] The foggiest season is during the summer months where July averages 22 fog days.[43]
During the winter, Sable Island has the warmest temperatures in Canada apart from the Pacific Coast, and can have the warmest temperatures in the country on some occasions due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. Summers are among the coolest in southern Canada though. It is also the most hurricane-prone part of Canada, also due to the Gulf Stream, and is the only place where Category 3 hurricane-force winds are likely in all of Canada.[citation needed] The highest temperature recorded was 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) on August 27, 1951, while the lowest temperature recorded was −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F) on January 31, 1920.[43]
Climate data for Sable Island, 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1897−present
According to PlantMaps, Sable Island lies in Hardiness Zone 8a (10–15 °F or −12 – −9 °C) for plant hardiness.[45]
Climate change
Being a large low-lying sandbar, Sable Island is vulnerable to sea level rise. This is further exacerbated by an ongoing increase in storm frequency and intensity caused by climate change, further eroding the island. These factors point toward Sable Island disappearing by the end of the 21st century. [46]
Sable Island derived its name from the French word for "sand".[47] It lacks natural trees, being covered instead with marram grass and other low-growing vegetation. In 1901, the federal government planted over 80,000 trees in an attempt to stabilize the soil; all died. Subsequent plantings resulted in the survival of a single Scots pine. Although planted in the 1960s, it is only a few feet tall. It is decorated yearly as a Christmas tree in December as part of a tradition among the station staff.[48]
The island is home to over 550 free-roaming horses according to a 2016 report, protected by law from human interference.[49] During a 2017–2018 study, the estimated population was 500 horses, up from the roughly 300 recorded in the 1970s. Because of the harsh spring of 2017, the mortality rate was about 10% but the normal rate is about 1% annually, primarily due to starvation and hypothermia.[50]
This feral horse population is likely descended from horses confiscated from Acadians during the Great Expulsion and left on the island by Thomas Hancock, Boston merchant and uncle of John Hancock.[51] In the early 1800s, many of the horses were used by men patrolling the island, searching for ships in distress, and the animals also moved lifeboats and equipment to sites of shipwrecks.[52]
In 1879, 500 horses and cattle were estimated to live on the island, and the island vegetation was described as covered with grass and wild peas.[53] In the past, excess horses were rounded up, shipped off the island, and sold, many used in coal mines on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. In 1960, the Canadian Government, under the Canada Shipping Act, gave the horse population full protection from human interference.[49] This was partly motivated by a plan in the 1950s, eventually aborted due to public pressure, to remove the horses from the island, after some biologists reported that they were damaging the ecology of the land.[52] Nonetheless, some continued to view the horses as an invasive species which is not suitable in a protected region where ecological integrity should be preserved according to the National Parks Act.[54][55]
Sable Island horse and foal
Harbour and grey seals breed on the island's shores. Seal counts from the 1960s for the grey seal population estimated 200–300 pups born at that time on the island, but surveys from as recent as 2016 estimated the number of pups born in that season at 87,500.[56] The seals are occasionally preyed upon by the various shark species that inhabit the waters nearby. Unusual corkscrew bite wounds on dead seals suggest that the Greenland shark is probably responsible for most attacks here.[57]
Several large bird colonies are resident, including the Arctic tern and Ipswich sparrow, a subspecies of the Savannah sparrow which breeds only on the island.[58] Many other species are resident, migratory, or transient, blown out to sea in storms and returned to land out of their natural range.
It was formerly believed the freshwater sponge Heteromeyenia macouni was found only in ponds on the island. However, it is now considered to be the same species as Racekiela ryderi, found elsewhere.[59]
Rabbits, cattle, and goats were also released on the island, with little success, at one point.[49]
At one point, there was a walrus population on the island, until hunters drove it to extinction.[49]
The Sable Island Station, managed and staffed by Parks Canada, is the only permanently staffed facility on the island. Climatological record-keeping on Sable Island began in 1871 with the establishment of the Meteorological Service of Canada, and ran continuously from 1891 until August 20, 2019.[28]
Sable Island has been the subject of extensive scientific research over the years. The Meteorological Service of Canada operated a wide range of manual and automated instruments, including the Automated Weather Observing System, an aerology program measuring conditions in the upper atmosphere using a radiosonde carried aloft by a hydrogen-filled weather balloon to altitudes beyond 40 km (25 mi), and a program collecting data on background levels of carbon dioxide, which began there in 1974. Research was done to monitor the long-range transport of pollution aerosols. Fog chemistry has also been studied, examining the transport and composition of atmospheric toxins it carries. Tropospheric ozone was measured and analyzed by researchers in Canada and the United States along with 20 other North American sites. The upper-air aerology program ended on August 20, 2019.[28]
The installation of the BGS Magnetic Observatory on Sable Island was funded as a joint venture between the British Geological Survey, Sperry-Sun Drilling Services, and Sable Offshore Energy. The data it collects aid scientific research into rates of change of the Earth's magnetic field and increase the accuracy of the BGS Global Geomagnetic Model. Data from the geomagnetic observatory is used by the offshore energy industry for precise positioning activities such as directional drilling.
Supplies are delivered to the Sable Island Station approximately twice a month by Sable Aviation using a Britten-Norman Islander. Although the island has a heliport (CST5), there is no permanent runway for fixed wing aircraft, which land instead on south beach in an area designated as the Sable Island Aerodrome (CSB2).[60] Prior permission is required to land, as the area is often unusable due to changing sand conditions.
In popular culture
The unique landscape, history of shipwrecks, and wildlife, especially horses, have made Sable Island an iconic place in Atlantic Canada and attracted considerable international following.
In non-fiction
Shipwreck survivors published early survival narratives about their experiences at Sable Island, beginning with the sinking of the Delight in 1583.[61] The first formal history of the island, Sable Island: its History and Phenomena, was written in 1894 by George Patterson. Many other histories of the island and its shipwrecks have been published since, such as Lyall Campbell's two books – Sable Island, Fatal and Fertile Crescent in 1974 and Sable Island Shipwrecks: Disaster and Survival at the North Atlantic Graveyard in 1994[62] – and more recently, A Dune Adrift: The Strange Origins and Curious History of Sable Island, written in 2004 by Marq de Villiers.[63] In his 1997 book, The Perfect Storm, Sebastian Junger briefly describes the geography and history of the island.[64]Joshua Slocum describes Sable Island in Sailing Alone Around the World during his 1895 solo circumnavigation.[65]
In fiction
The island has also inspired works of fiction beginning in 1802 when Nova Scotia author Thomas Chandler Haliburton published "The Sable Island Ghost", a story about a ghostly woman inspired by the loss of the brig Francis in 1798. His story helped raise support for the establishment of a rescue station on the island.[66] Canadian writer James MacDonald Oxley wrote a youth novel The Wreckers of Sable Island in 1897. Frank Parker Day's 1928 novel Rockbound features a vivid depiction of the sinking of the schoonerSylvia Mosher during the 1926 August Gales at Sable Island.[67] One of the island's most notable temporary residents was Nova Scotian author Thomas H. Raddall, whose early experiences working at the wireless post there served as the inspiration for his 1950 novel The Nymph and the Lamp.[68] In his novel The Templar Throne, published in June 2010, author Paul Christopher mentions the island as the final location of the Ark of the Covenant, the True Ark of the Christian Old Testament.[69]
In photography
The dunes and horses of Sable Island have drawn many photographers. Among the first was Arthur Williams McCurdy who photographed the island, its horses and shipwrecks in 1898 for National Geographic during a visit with Alexander Graham Bell.[70] A further National Geographic visit in the summer of 1964 yielded an article entitled Sable Island; Graveyard of the Atlantic. In more recent times, Roberto Dutesco, a fashion photographer, began taking photos of Sable horses in 1994 and features this work in a permanent photo exhibition entitled "Wild Horses of Sable Island" at his gallery in New York. Nova Scotian photographer Paul Illsley's photographs of Sable Island horses inspired both a Canadian stamp and coin in 2005.
In music
In 1970 Stompin' Tom Connors published his song "Sable Island" in 1970's Stompin' Tom Meets Big Joe Mufferaw. Canadian folk singer Catherine McKinnon recorded a song arranged by Don Gillis also entitled "Sable Island" for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1975. The first line of the Buck 65 song "Blood of a Young Wolf" is "Ten thousand horses, Sable Island, endless summer."
In documentaries
The island has been the subject of many Canadian documentaries by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the National Film Board of Canada, beginning with the 1956 NFB film Sable Island by Allan Wargon, the 2003 NFB documentary Moving Sands by Phillipe Baylaucq,[71] and more recently, an episode of Land and Sea.[72] In 2002 a documentary was released called Catching a Killer: The Mystery of Sable Island which investigated the possibility that Greenland sharks were to blame for the corkscrew lacerations on dead seals found washed up on the island.[73] A recent work about Sable Island is the 2015 Canadian-produced film, "S(t)able Island: The Beauty of the Free", created by Rae-Anne LaPlante. The film explores in-depth the wild horse population that has called Sable Island its home for over 250 years.[74] A number of international documentaries have also explored the island, including the 2007 film Île de sable made by Jean-François Ducrocq and Malek Sahraoui for France 3, French public television.[75] In 2007, Matt Trecartin of Halifax directed Chasing Wild Horses, a documentary about photographer Roberto Dutesco and his photography of the Sable Island horses.[76]
The most recent effort is a Canadian documentary film by Jacquelyn Mills, titled Geographies of Solitude, released in 2022. The 103-minute film features Zoe Lucas, an environmentalist and naturalist who lives on the island and studies the wild Sable Island horse.[77]
In other films
In the 1937 film Captains Courageous, the fishing boat passes Sable Island on the way to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Spencer Tracy's character Manuel later says his father died off Cape Sable. Sable Island is briefly featured in the 2000 feature film The Perfect Storm, which depicts the sinking of the fishing vessel Andrea Gail near Sable, although the island is erroneously portrayed with trees and a giant stone lighthouse. Sable Island is the setting for the 2002 film Touching Wild Horses starring Jane Seymour; however, little attempt was made to mimic the natural landscape of Sable, with trees and rocks abounding in the background of most every scene. Instead, Sandbanks Provincial Park in Ontario stood in for the island in the film.[citation needed]
In exhibits
A permanent exhibit about Sable Island is featured at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, which includes two rescue boats from Sable and numerous name boards and figureheads from Sable Island wrecks. Another permanent exhibit about Sable Island, exploring its ecology and the on-island researchers' work, is found at the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History. The horses were featured in a 1994 exhibit at the Equine Museum of Japan in Yokohama.[19]
On radio
On September 11, 2014, Don Connolly of CBC Radio's Information Morning broadcast part of the daily current affairs program from Sable Island. It was the first ever live public radio broadcast from the island.[78]
In amateur radio, Sable Island is considered a separate country with the unique call sign prefix CY0. Since enthusiasts collect contacts from different countries and there are few inhabitants on Sable Island, a contact from there would be considered a "rare DX". As a result, a number of private expeditions (known as DXpeditions) to operate temporary radio stations on Sable Island have been mounted. The most recent DXpedition is CY0S, which took place in March 2023.[79] There have also been DXpeditions in October 2012 (CY0),[80] March 2011 (CY0),[81] July 2008 (CY0X),[82] November 2002 (CY0MM),[83] October 1995 (CY0TP),[84] and October 1975 (VX9A).[79]
^"Delight-1583". Nova Scotia Museum On the Rocks Marine Heritage Database. Nova Scotia: Department of Tourism, Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
^"Manhasset-1947". Nova Scotia Museum On the Rocks Marine Heritage Database. Nova Scotia: Department of Tourism, Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
^ ab"Sable Island". Nova Scotia: Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. 1999-07-27. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
^"Miscellaneous". The Cornishman. No. 56. 7 August 1879. p. 6.
^Freedman, Bill (5 February 2014). "Year of the Horse: The wild horses of Sable Island". Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 24 March 2019. Today, Sable Island is a new National Park Reserve. It is managed by Parks Canada, whose National Parks Act includes the statement that, 'Maintenance or restoration of ecological integrity, through the protection of natural resources and natural processes, shall be the first priority of the Minister when considering all aspects of the management of parks.' Because ecological integrity is degraded by any populous alien species, the horses should be regarded as a threat to that particular mandate.
^Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States: Reader's Digest Association. p. 328. ISBN0-89577-087-3.
^van Soest R (2014). Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M, Vacelet J (eds.). "Heteromeyenia macouni MacKay, 1900". World Porifera database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
^ abCanada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
^Baehre, Rainer K. (1999). "The Casting Away of the Delight". Outrageous Seas: Shipwreck and Survival in the Waters off Newfoundland, 1583–1893. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 12.
^Campbell, Lyall (2001). Sable Island Shipwrecks: Disaster and Survival at the North Atlantic Graveyard. Nimbus. ISBN1-55109-096-1.
^de Villiers, Marq; Hirtle, Sheila (2004). A Dune Adrift: The Strange Origins and Curious History of Sable Island. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN0-7710-2642-0.
^Dimm, Jocelyn A. (2005-02-04). "Moving Sands". CM Magazine. Vol. XI, no. 11. Manitoba Library Association. Archived from the original on 2008-11-07. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
Sable Island, by Bruce Armstrong, ISBN0-385-13113-5, Doubleday, July 1981
Wild Horses of Sable Island, by Zoe Lucas, ISBN0-919872-73-5, Firefly Books Ltd., August 1992
Wild and Beautiful Sable Island, Pat Keough et al., ISBN0-9692557-3-X, Green Publishing, September 1993
Sable Island Journals 1801–1804, by James Rainstorpe Morris, ISBN0-9689245-0-6, January 2001
Ethos of Voice in the Journal of James Rainstorpe Morris from the Sable Island Humane Station, 1801–1802, by Rosalee Stilwell, ISBN0-7734-7663-6, Edwin Mellen Press, January 2001
Free as the Wind: Saving the Horses of Sable Island, text by Jamie Bastedo, illustrations by Susan Tooke, Red Deer Press, 2007
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Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan PangandaranJenisPoliteknik, Perguruan tinggi kedinasanDidirikan18 Februari 2019Lembaga indukKementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik IndonesiaRektorArpan Nasri Siregar, S.Pi., M.S.T.PiAlamatJalan Raya Babakan KM 2, Kawasan Pelabuhan Cikidang Bulaksetra, PangandaranSitus webpkpp.ac.id Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Pangandaran yang disingkat Politeknik KP Pangandaran atau PKPP adalah perguruan tinggi bidang kelautan dan perikanan yang dikelola oleh Kemen...
Гроші вирішують всеMoney Talks Жанр комедія, кримінальнийРежисер Бретт РатнерПродюсер Walter CoblenzdСценарист Joel Cohend і Alec Sokolowd[1]У головних ролях Кріс Такер Чарлі Шин Гізер Локлір Лерні Хенкін Робертсон Дін Марті Леві Марк БенінгофферОператор Рассел Карпентер і Robert Pri...
Coupe du monde de slalom Généralités Sport Canoë-kayak Organisateur(s) Fédération internationale de canoë Périodicité annuelle Navigation Coupe du monde de slalom 2016 Coupe du monde de slalom 2018 modifier La 30e coupe du monde de slalom en canoë-kayak, organisée par la Fédération internationale de canoë, se déroule du 16 au 10 septembre 2017. Calendrier Date Ville Pays 16 au 18 juin Prague Slovaquie 23 au 25 juin Augsbourg Allemagne 30 juin au 2 juillet Markkleeberg Allemagne...
إجمالي استهلاك الطاقة الأولية بالاتحاد الأوروبي في عام 2017[1] نفط (38%) فحم (14%) غاز طبيعي (24%) طاقة نووية (11%) طاقة كهرومائية (4%) طاقة متجددة (9%) جزء من سلسلة مقالات سياسة الاتحاد الأوروبيالاتحاد الأوروبي الدول الأعضاء (27) إسبانيا إستونيا إي...
American MethodsSutradara Frank Lloyd Produser William Fox (produser) Ditulis olehFrank Lloyd Georges Ohnet (cerita) F. McGrew WillisPemeranWilliam Farnum Jewel Carmen Bertram GrassbySinematograferWilliam C. FosterPerusahaanproduksiFox FilmDistributorFox FilmTanggal rilis30 April 1917Durasi60 menitNegara Amerika Serikat BahasaFilm bisu dengan antar judul Inggris American Methods adalah sebuah film drama bisu Amerika Serikat tahun 1917 garapan Frank Lloyd dan menampilkan William Farnum, Jewel ...
Alvis FWD, wie ihn Maurice Harvey 1928 fuhr Major Cyril Maurice Harvey (* März 1895 in Clifton Down; † 2. August 1936 in St Keverne) war ein britischer Autorennfahrer. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Karriere als Rennfahrer 2 Statistik 2.1 Le-Mans-Ergebnisse 3 Literatur 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnachweise Karriere als Rennfahrer Maurice Harvey hatte ein ereignisreiches und von seinen engsten Freunden als „glücklos“ bezeichnetes Leben. Im Ersten Weltkrieg erlitt er eine schwere Gasvergiftung und geriet ...
Am Standort Erlangen der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg gibt es 20 Studentenverbindungen in verschiedenen Korporationsverbänden. Liste Name der Verbindung Gründung Farben Wappen Zirkel Dachverband Fechtfrage Mitglieder Verbindungshaus Onoldia! Corps Onoldia 1798 blutrot-weiß KSCV pflichtschlagend Männerbund Baruthia! Corps Baruthia 1803 schwarz-gold-grün KSCV pflichtschlagend Männerbund Bubenreuther! Burschenschaft der Bubenreuther 1817 rot-schwarz NDB, RV fakultati...
ميّز عن أم الدم الأبهرية البطنية. Aortic aneurysm أم الدم الأبهرية معلومات عامة الاختصاص جراحة أوعية دموية من أنواع مرض الأبهر [لغات أخرى]، وأم الدم، وعلامة سريرية، ومرض تعديل مصدري - تعديل أم الدم الأبهرية[1] هو مصطلح عام يعني (تمدد أو توسع ا...
Act of spanking another person for sexual arousal or gratification Bettie Page is tied and spanked in an image from the magazine Bizarre (1940s–1950s) Erotic spanking is the act of spanking another person for the sexual arousal or gratification of either or both parties. The intensity of the act can vary in both its duration and severity, and may include the use of one or more spanking implements (such as the wooden spoon or cane). Activities range from a spontaneous smack on bare buttocks ...
Canadian short films series Assassin's Creed: LineageDirected byYves SimoneauWritten byYves SimoneauWilliam ReymondProduced byPierre RaymondStarringRomano OrzariCinematographyGuy DufauxEdited byIsabelle MalenfantMusic byGeorge S. ClintonProductioncompaniesUbisoft (Montreal)Hybride TechnologiesDistributed byNew Video GroupRunning time36 minutes (total)CountryCanadaLanguageEnglish Assassin's Creed: Lineage is a series of three Canadian short films based on the Assassin's Creed video game series...
Railway Station in Maharashtra, India This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Shegaon railway station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2016) Shegaon railway stationसंत श्री गजानन महाराज नगरीExpress & Passenger Train Sta...
British vocal group The Family DoggBackground informationOriginEnglandGenresRock, popYears active1966–1976[1]Past membersAlbert HammondSteve RowlandMike HazlewoodChristine HolmesDoreen De VeuvePam Zooey QuinnKevin LambIreen SheerSue LynnSherri LynnPat Arnold The Family Dogg were a British vocal group, noted for their harmony vocals. They are best known for their debut album, A Way of Life, and the subsequent single of the same name. Career The idea was born when the Anglo-American s...
World non-partisan forum International Union of StudentsAbbreviationIUSSuccessorInternational Council of StudentsFormation1946 to around 2002PurposeAssociation of World's Students' OrganizationsHeadquartersCzechoslovakiaLocationPragueRegion served WorldwideMembership 155 Students' Organizations from 112 CountriesOfficial language English, French, SpanishSecretary GeneralFrage SherifTreasurerLiz CarlyleAdvisory Council ChiefAkhil EnnamsettyKey peopleIngo Jaeger, Maria Lucia, Syed Mustaffa AliM...
Hubungan Indonesia–Serbia Indonesia Serbia Hubungan Indonesia–Serbia didirikan pada 1954, wadah hukum tersebut diwariskan dari era Yugoslavia.[1] Indonesia memiliki sebuah kedubes di Belgrade dan Serbia memiliki sebuah kedubes di Jakarta. Kedua negara tersebut adalah pendiri Gerakan Non Blok. Sejarah Josip Broz Tito (kiri) dengan Sukarno (tengah). Hubungan bilateral resmi berdiri pada 1954. Hubungan politik antara Indonesia dan Serbia adalah Gerakan Non Blok. Presiden pertama Indo...
Questa voce sull'argomento cestisti statunitensi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Gennifer Brandon Nazionalità Stati Uniti Altezza 188 cm Peso 74 kg Pallacanestro Ruolo Ala Termine carriera 2016 Carriera Giovanili Chatsworth High School2009-2014 Calif. G. Bears Squadre di club 2014 Chicago Sky162014 Maccabi Daron2015-2016 Dunav Ruse Il simbolo → indica un tras...
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