Jasper National Park

Jasper National Park
Parc national Jasper
IUCN category II (national park)[1]
Athabasca Glacier in Jasper National Park
Location in Canada Show map of Canada Location in Alberta Show map of Alberta
Location	Alberta, Canada
Nearest town	Jasper
Coordinates	52.8°N 117.9°W / 52.8; -117.9
Area	10,878 km^2 (4,200 sq mi)
Established	14 September 1907
Visitors	2,415,463 (in 2022–23[2])
Governing body	Parks Canada
Website	parks.canada.ca/pn-np/ab/jasper
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part of	Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks
Criteria	Natural: (vii), (viii)
Reference	304
Inscription	1984 (8th Session)

Jasper National Park, in Alberta, Canada, is the largest national park within Alberta's Rocky Mountains, spanning 11,000 km² (4,200 sq mi). It was established as Jasper Forest Park in 1907, renamed as a national park in 1930, and declared a UNESCO world heritage site in 1984. Its location is north of Banff National Park and west of Edmonton. The park contains the glaciers of the Columbia Icefield, springs, lakes, waterfalls and mountains.

History

First Nations

The territory encompassed by what is now Jasper National Park has been inhabited since time immemorial by Nakoda, Cree, Secwépemc, and Dane-zaa peoples.^[3] Plainview projectile points have been found at the head of Jasper Lake, dating back to between 8000 and 7000 BCE.^[4] In the centuries between then and the establishment of the park, First Nations land use has fluctuated according to climatic variations over the long term, and according to cyclical patterns of ungulate population numbers, particularly elk, moose, mule deer, and occasionally caribou.^[5] Starting in the 1790s, Haudenosaunee and Nipissing hunters and trappers moved in large numbers to the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, around the headwaters of the Athabasca and Smoky Rivers in particular, most of them employed by the North West Company.^[6] By the time David Thompson crossed the Athabasca Pass in 1810, led by a Haudenosaunee guide named Thomas, there were hundreds of Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabe people living in the region.^[6] When Mary Schäffer Warren became the first settler to visit Maligne Lake—known by the Nakoda as Chaba Imne—in 1908, she did so by following a map given to her by Samson Beaver, a Nakoda guide and hunter.^[7]

Fur trade

Jasper National Park's name originates from Jasper Haws, a Maryland-born fur trader who worked for the North West Company. In 1815, Haws took command of a North West Company trading post, built on Brûlé Lake in 1813, which subsequently became known as Jasper's House.^[8] In 1830, the trading post was relocated further up the Athabasca River, just north of Jasper Lake. The site of Jasper House itself was designated a national historic site in 1924.

Jasper House was destroyed in 1910, but it gave its name to both the national park, and the town of Jasper within the Park.^[9][10]

Jasper Park established

Jasper Forest Park was established by a federal order in council on September 14, 1907.^[11] The park's establishment was spurred by plans for the construction of additional Canadian transcontinental railways built through Edmonton, the Canadian Northern Railway and Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, which were to cross the Rocky Mountains at Yellowhead Pass. Jasper Park was intended to be developed into an alpine resort similar to Banff National Park, at the time known as Rocky Mountains Park, with a train station, tourist hotels, and a service town. Jasper Park was intended to occupy the same position to the railways that Banff National Park already had to the Canadian Pacific Railway.^[12][13][14] Collectively, the mountain parks were intended as a sort of wilderness playground for middle-class workers, an antidote to the malaise of modern life.^[15][16]

However, the vision of wilderness on which Japer Park's development plan depended was at odds with the presence of long-established Métis homesteads within the park, many of whom were descended from the white and Haudenosaunee fur traders and trappers employed by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company in the 19th century.^[17] In 1909, six Métis families living in Jasper Park were declared squatters, paid compensation for improvements made to the land, including buildings, ditches, and fences, and ordered to leave the park.^[18][19]

In 1911, Jasper Forest Park came under the administration of the newly established Dominion Parks Branch of the Department of the Interior, under the purview of James Bernard Harkin,^[12] at which time the name was changed to simply Jasper Park.^[20] Under Harkin, Canada's national parks were to fulfill a dual mandate of wilderness protection and economic development—primarily as tourist destinations.^[21] In particular, the Parks Branch expressly forbade hunting in Jasper and the other mountain parks, deprecating First Nations' centuries-long history of subsistence hunting in the region^[17] as indiscriminate slaughter of the local game wildlife.^[22] Despite the prohibition on hunting, the park and its tourist facilities became a base of operations for wealthy Canadian and American sport hunters for hunting trips further into the Rockies, beyond the prohibitions in place in the mountain parks and the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve.^[22]

The Jasper Park Information Centre, originally constructed in 1914 as an administration building and as the park superintendent's residence

In 1930, Jasper Forest Park officially became Jasper National Park with the passing of the National Parks Act.^[3] Section 4 of the act further underlined the park's wilderness preservation function, with Canada's National Parks "dedicated to the people of Canada for their benefit, education and enjoyment" and "maintained and made use of so as to leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations."^[23] Ironically, given the mandate its mandate to preserve natural spaces, the act also redefined Jasper Park's boundaries, removing 518 square kilometres (200 sq mi) of land from the park—including Brûlé Lake and Rock Lake—opening the excised area to coal mining and hydroelectric development.^[24]

Early tourism and sport

CNR advertising campaign from 1929

In 1911, the Grand Trunk Pacific (GTP) laid track through the park and over Yellowhead Pass.^[25] That same year, the GTP founded the town of Fitzhugh around the company's railway station; the town was renamed Jasper in 1913. The GTP's route across the pass was followed in 1913 by the Canadian Northern (CNoR).^[12] Both having both fallen into financial difficulty, the two railways were nationalized—the CNoR in 1919 and the GTP in 1923—and eventually merged into the Canadian National Railway (CNR) by an order in council.^[26] The railway was later followed by a road built between Edmonton and Jasper. The section between the town of Jasper and the eastern gate of the park was completed in 1928; however, it took another three years for the province of Alberta to complete the remaining stretch of the road into Edmonton.^[27]

By the time the GTP's railway track cleared Yellowhead Pass in 1911, there were already eight hotels established in Jasper, but they were rudimentary, and did not meet the expectations of the well-heeled clientele to which the GTP advertised.^[28] Jasper Park Lodge, the focal point of the GTP's Jasper advertising campaign, did not open until 1922, three years after the company's bankruptcy and only a year before the railway was merged into the nationally owned CNR.^[29] Like the GTP before it, Canadian National featured both Jasper park and the lodge prominently in its advertising literature.

From its founding, the town of Jasper, and later the Jasper Park Lodge, served as a hub for a variety of outdoor sporting activities. Even as Mary Schäffer Warren was becoming the first settler to visit Maligne Lake, outfitters were springing up in the park to rent out equipment and guide hikers and alpinists.^[30] The Alpine Club of Canada, formed in 1906 and sponsored through the 1920s in part by the CNR,^[31] held seven of its annual alpine camps in Jasper between 1926 and 1950.^[32] And while hunting was forbidden within park grounds, the park's facilities served as a base of operations for outfitters and guides who led wealthy hunters on hunting trips into the forest reserves outside Jasper's boundaries.^[33]

Internment camps

In 1916, following the precedent set at Rocky Mountains Park, the Government of Canada opened an internment camp for individuals deemed enemy aliens, primarily immigrants from the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including Ukrainians, who made up the largest affected population, and the Ottoman Empire.^[34] The interned men were primarily employed in the construction of a road from the town of Jasper, along the Maligne River first to Medicine Lake, and later on to Maligne Lake.^[35]

In 1931, in response to the Great Depression, the government of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett enacted the Unemployment and Farm Relief Act, which allocated funds for public works projects in the national parks.^[36][37] Labourers, many of them laid-off Canadian National Railway workers, were employed on road and bridge projects within the park, for which they were paid 25 to 30 cents per hour, working eight hours a day up to six days per week.^[38] In October, 1931, under the auspices of the relief project, construction started on a road between Jasper and Banff, which ultimately formed the basis for the Icefields Parkway.^[39]

Internment camps were established again during World War II, when three hundred Japanese Canadians were forcibly sent to three road camps in Jasper.^[40] Additionally, 160 conscientious objectors, many of them Mennonites from the Prairie provinces, were interned at Jasper and put to work upgrading the Maligne Lake and Medicine Lake roads, as well as building a road from Geikie to the British Columbia border.^[41]

Conservation and recent history

In 1984, Jasper, Banff, Kootenay, Yoho, as well as the Hamber, Mount Robson, Mount Assiniboine provincial parks, were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[42]

Since 1999, the arrival of the mountain pine beetle has impacted the park with 93,000 hectares of the park's forest infested with the beetle by 2017.^[43] In 2016, Parks Canada released the Mountain Pine Beetle Management Plan which includes prescribed burns and removal of infected trees to reduce the fire risk and to prevent the beetles from spreading into provincial land.^[44]

In 2011, the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada designated Jasper National Park as a dark-sky preserve due to its minimal light pollution and ideal conditions for dark sky viewing.^[45]

In 2024, a wildfire destroyed a significant part of the town of Jasper and its surrounding area.^[46]

Wildlife

Many of North America's most iconic animals can be found at Jasper. There are at least 50 mammalian species in and around the park, including:^[47]

Mammals

• American black bear
• American red squirrel
• Beaver
• Bighorn sheep
• Brown lemming
• Bushy-tailed woodrat
• Canada lynx
• Caribou (Boreal woodland)
• Columbian ground squirrel
• Cottontail rabbit
• Coyote
• Elk (ssp. C. c. nelsoni)
• Golden-mantled ground squirrel
• Grizzly bear
• Hoary marmot
• Least chipmunk
• Little brown bat
• Long-tailed vole
• Long-tailed weasel
• Masked shrew
• Meadow vole
• Mink
• Muskrat
• Moose (ssp. A. a. andersoni)
• Mountain goat
• Mule deer
• Pacific marten
• Pika
• Pine marten
• North American cougar (mountain lion, puma)
• Porcupine
• Red fox
• River otter
• Short-tailed weasel (stoat, ermine)
• Silver-haired bat
• Snowshoe hare
• Southern red-backed vole
• Striped skunk
• Timber wolf
• Western deer mouse
• Western jumping mouse
• White-tailed deer
• Wolverine
• Wood bison
• Yellow-pine chipmunk

Birds

Jasper, with its varied habitats and remote environments, is home to at least 160 known avian species, mostly belonging to the Accipitriformes, Anseriformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes and Strigiformes.

• American dipper
• American goshawk
• American robin
• American wigeon
• Bald eagle
• Barn swallow
• Barred owl
• Black-billed magpie
• Black-capped chickadee
• Black swift
• Blue-winged teal
• Bohemian waxwing
• Boreal chickadee
• Brewer's blackbird
• Broad-winged hawk
• Brown-headed cowbird
• Bufflehead
• Calliope hummingbird
• Canada goose
• Canada jay
• Cedar waxwing
• Chipping sparrow
• Clark's nutcracker
• Cliff swallow
• Common loon
• Common merganser
• Crow
• Dark-eyed junco
• Dusky grouse
• Evening grosbeak
• Golden eagle
• Goldeneye
• Gray jay
• Greater scaup
• Great grey owl
• Great horned owl
• Green-winged teal
• Harlequin duck
• Hermit thrush
• Hooded merganser
• Lazuli bunting
• Lesser scaup
• Long-eared owl
• Mallard
• Mountain bluebird
• Mountain chickadee
• Northern harrier
• Northern hawk-owl
• Northern pintail
• Northern pygmy-owl
• Northern shrike
• Osprey
• Pine siskin
• Raven
• Redhead duck
• Redtailed hawk
• Ring-necked duck
• Ross's goose
• Rough-legged hawk
• Ruffed grouse
• Rufous hummingbird
• Snow goose
• Spruce grouse
• Steller's jay
• Surf scoter
• Trumpeter swan
• Western tanager
• White-crowned sparrow
• White-tailed ptarmigan
• White-winged crossbill
• Willow ptarmigan
• Yellow-rumped warbler

Amphibians & reptiles

• Columbia spotted frog
• Long-tailed salamander
• Western garter snake
• Western toad
• Wood frog

World Heritage Site

The park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984, together with the other national and provincial parks that form the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, for the mountain landscapes containing mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons, and limestone caves as well as fossils found here.^[48]

Geography

Mount Athabasca in the park

Hydrology

Most of the park's area forms the headwaters of the Athabasca River, which originates in the parks extreme southernmost point at an unnamed lake unofficially known as Columbia Lake due to it being fed by one of the Columbia Icefield's many outlet glaciers. Despite its misleading name, the well-known Athabasca Glacier is actually the source of the Sunwapta River, a tributary of the Athabasca, not the main river itself. Other major tributaries of the Athabasca River that drain large areas of the park include the Maligne River, the Snake Indian River, Rocky River and the Miette River. The northernmost area of the park is drained separately by the Smoky River. Both the Smoky and Athabasca Rivers form part of the Mackenzie River drainage, the largest river system in Canada, which itself is part of the Arctic Ocean basin.^[49][50] The southeast section of the park is drained by the Brazeau River which is part of the Saskatchewan/Nelson River system which ultimately flows into Hudson Bay.

The park is coextensive with the province of Alberta's Improvement District No. 12.

Attractions

Fryatt Valley from the top of the head wall

Glacier Sky Walk in Sunwapta Valley

Front country

Attractions that can easily be reached by road include the Mount Edith Cavell hiking area, Maligne Lake (which features hiking and boating opportunities), Maligne Canyon, Miette Hot Springs, Pyramid Lake, the Jasper Skytram and the Athabasca Glacier, (an outlet glacier of the Columbia Icefield which features snow coach tours). The Marmot Basin ski area is the most popular winter attraction in the park.^{[citation needed]}

Common summer recreational activities in the park include hiking, fishing, mountain biking (in select areas), wildlife viewing, rafting, kayaking and camping. Winter activities include Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and snowshoeing. Some companies offer dog sled tours in the park.

Back country

Only a small fraction of the parks area is road accessible. The rest forms a large backcountry area which is largely only accessible by trail. Large areas of the backcountry are rarely visited as many areas' trails are poorly maintained or non existent. Access into the backcountry is most often accomplished by backpacking or horseback and in rare cases kayak or raft. Popular backcountry trips include the Tonquin Valley, the Skyline Trail, Jones Pass, Jacques Lake and the Fryatt Valley.^{[citation needed]} The remote North Boundary Trail which provided access to the north half of the park is a multiweek backpacking trip. Canoe and kayaking access to the backcountry can be achieved on Maligne Lake.

Road network

The park contains several major roads, most of which are intended to be scenic routes that provide access to all of the park's front-country attractions. Since a good sample of parks scenery and wildlife can be viewed from the roads themselves, driving them is considered a core part of the park experience.

Highway 16 (part of the Trans-Canada Highway and Yellowhead Highway systems) is the main route through the park and is the only major east–west corridor crossing the mountains in that area. It serves as both an important trade and travel corridor for through traffic and a tourist route allowing visitors to access and view many of the park's attractions.

A grizzly bear roams in a wooded area near Jasper Townsite.

The Icefields Parkway (also known as Highway 93) is a highway 230 km (140 mi) in length running from Lake Louise, Alberta, in Banff National Park, to Jasper, Alberta, where it meets Highway 16. The scenic highway runs parallel to the continental divide, providing motor and cycle access to the heart of the Canadian Rockies and is considered to one of the park's main attractions. Along its length the parkway has many viewpoints, tourist attractions, hikes and campgrounds. The Athabasca and Sunwapta Falls^[51] are both accessible by the road.^[52] In May 2014, Glacier Sky Walk opened to the public. It is glass-floored observation platform 280 metres (920 ft) over the Sunwapta Valley. Unlike Highway 16, the Icefields Parkway is strictly a tourist route, and all freight traffic is prohibited from using the road. All users must have a parks pass.

Maligne Lake Road is a scenic park road that is 44 km (27 mi) in length and runs from Highway 16 near Jasper to Maligne Lake roughly following the course of the Maligne River. It is the park's other major tourist road (besides the Icefields Parkway). It is not as well known as the Icefields Parkway, but provides several viewpoints and access to hiking routes such as the Maligne Canyon trails. The road has a speed limit of 60 km/h (37 mph) due to frequent wildlife.

Edith Cavell Road is a 14 km (8.7 mi) scenic park road that provides access to the Edith Cavell meadow area from the Icefields Parkway. This road is open only between May and October, and RVs are prohibited due to its tight switchback corners.

Miette Hot Springs Road is a 16 km (9.9 mi) scenic park road that runs from Highway 16 to the Miette Hot Springs, one of the parks core attractions.

Alberta Highway 93A is a 24 km (15 mi) parallel road to the Icefields Parkway that provides access to several hikes, campgrounds and the Marmot Basin Ski Resort.

Marmot Basin Road provides access to the Marmot Basin Ski Area and several trailheads from Highway 93A.

Celestine Lake Road is a long gravel road that runs along the north bank of the Athabasca River providing access to several remote trailheads.

Pyramid Lake Road is a short road that provides tourists access to the several lakes and resorts just north of Jasper.

Climate

Climate data for Jasper National Park (East Gate), Alberta (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1971–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	18.0 (64.4)	18.0 (64.4)	22.2 (72.0)	29.0 (84.2)	31.5 (88.7)	33.0 (91.4)	35.6 (96.1)	36.1 (97.0)	31.5 (88.7)	27.0 (80.6)	23.0 (73.4)	15.5 (59.9)	36.1 (97.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−2.1 (28.2)	0.8 (33.4)	4.9 (40.8)	10.7 (51.3)	16.2 (61.2)	20.0 (68.0)	22.7 (72.9)	21.6 (70.9)	16.4 (61.5)	10.2 (50.4)	1.9 (35.4)	−2.0 (28.4)	10.1 (50.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−6.9 (19.6)	−4.6 (23.7)	−1.0 (30.2)	4.2 (39.6)	9.0 (48.2)	12.9 (55.2)	15.3 (59.5)	14.2 (57.6)	9.8 (49.6)	4.9 (40.8)	−2.4 (27.7)	−6.4 (20.5)	4.1 (39.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−11.7 (10.9)	−10.2 (13.6)	−6.9 (19.6)	−2.4 (27.7)	1.9 (35.4)	5.8 (42.4)	7.8 (46.0)	6.8 (44.2)	3.2 (37.8)	−0.4 (31.3)	−6.7 (19.9)	−10.7 (12.7)	−2.0 (28.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−48.3 (−54.9)	−45.0 (−49.0)	−44.0 (−47.2)	−23.0 (−9.4)	−11.0 (12.2)	−8.5 (16.7)	−4.5 (23.9)	−6.5 (20.3)	−13.0 (8.6)	−33.0 (−27.4)	−42.0 (−43.6)	−45.5 (−49.9)	−48.3 (−54.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	22.6 (0.89)	16.8 (0.66)	29.7 (1.17)	33.9 (1.33)	65.6 (2.58)	90.0 (3.54)	88.9 (3.50)	91.5 (3.60)	68.6 (2.70)	40.8 (1.61)	30.5 (1.20)	19.8 (0.78)	598.7 (23.56)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	2.0 (0.08)	0.8 (0.03)	2.5 (0.10)	17.6 (0.69)	59.7 (2.35)	89.9 (3.54)	88.9 (3.50)	91.5 (3.60)	63.5 (2.50)	25.7 (1.01)	4.0 (0.16)	1.6 (0.06)	447.7 (17.62)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	20.6 (8.1)	16.0 (6.3)	27.2 (10.7)	16.3 (6.4)	6.0 (2.4)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	5.1 (2.0)	15.1 (5.9)	26.5 (10.4)	18.3 (7.2)	151.1 (59.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	5.3	4.8	6.4	7.1	12.0	15.7	15.3	15.0	11.5	8.3	7.0	5.4	113.8
Average rainy days	0.46	0.33	0.88	4.4	11.7	15.7	15.3	15.0	11.3	6.1	1.5	0.54	83.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)	5.0	4.5	5.5	3.2	0.92	0.04	0.0	0.0	0.56	2.5	5.6	5.0	32.9
Source: Environment Canada[53]

General management

Jasper National Park is managed by Parks Canada under the National Parks Act. On a provincial level, the park area outside of Municipality of Jasper is administered by Alberta Municipal Affairs as Improvement District No. 12 (Jasper National Park). The Municipality of Jasper was formed by the Government of Alberta in 2001 and has its own local government.^[54]

In popular culture

Entering the park on Yellowhead Highway

Jasper National Park is featured in the 2010 3D animated comedy-drama film Alpha and Omega as the location the two wolf protagonists are taken from and struggle to return to.^{[55][56][57][58]}

A KLM Boeing 777-300 is named after Jasper National Park.^[59]

See also

• Dark-sky preserve
• Ecology of the Rocky Mountains
• Jasper Palisade
• List of national parks of Canada
• List of historic places in Alberta's Rockies
• List of trails in Alberta
• List of mountains of Alberta
• List of waterfalls of Alberta
• Wildlife of Canada
• SS Jasper Park

References

1. "Protected Planet | Jasper National Park Of Canada". Protected Planet. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
2. Canada, Parks. "Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Open Government Portal". open.canada.ca. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
3. Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (16 February 2022). "Indigenous connections - Jasper National Park". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
4. Anderson & Reeves 1975, p. 94.
5. Anderson & Reeves 1975, p. 105.
6. Payne 2007, pp. 8–10.
7. Reichwein & McDermott 2007, pp. 160–161.
8. Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (28 November 2017). "Discover - Jasper House National Historic Site". www.pc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
9. Payne 2007, p. 24.
10. Sandford 2010, p. 173.
11. Murphy 2007a, p. 71.
12. Taylor 2007, pp. 200–201.
13. Reichwein 2014, p. 5.
14. "New Forest Park near Edmonton". Edmonton Bulletin (September 19, 1907): 1.
15. Benham, D.J. (15 January 1910). "Jasper Park in the Rockies: Canada's New National Playground". The Globe (1844-1936).
16. Reichwein 2014, pp. 6–7.
17. MacLaren 2011, pp. 334–335.
18. Murphy 2007b, p. 128.
19. Youdelis, Megan (21 March 2016). ""They could take you out for coffee and call it consultation!": The colonial antipolitics of Indigenous consultation in Jasper National Park". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. 48 (7): 1374–1392. Bibcode:2016EnPlA..48.1374Y. doi:10.1177/0308518x16640530. ISSN 0308-518X. S2CID 147221051.
20. MacLaren 2011, p. xxxvi n8.
21. Reichwein & McDermott 2007, p. 175.
22. MacLaren 2011, pp. xxii, xxvii.
23. "Parks Canada History: The National Parks Act, 1930". parkscanadahistory.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
24. Murphy 2007a, pp. 104–106.
25. "Jasper's History". Tourism Jasper. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
26. "OIC 1923-0115: Can. Govt. Rys. etc placed under the management and control of the C.N.R. Co". Privy Council of Canada. 20 January 1923.
27. Reichwein & McDermott 2007, p. 184.
28. Smith, Cyndi (1995). Jasper Park Lodge : in the heart of the Canadian Rockies (3rd ed.). Canmore, Alberta: Coyote Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-9692457-9-7.
29. Zezulka-Mailloux 2007, p. 241.
30. Taylor 2007, p. 202.
31. Reichwein 2014, p. 113.
32. Reichwein 2014, p. xix.
33. MacLaren 2011, p. xxiii.
34. Waiser 1995, pp. 3–4, 24–25.
35. Waiser 1995, pp. 24, 34.
36. Sandford 2010, p. 136.
37. Waiser 1995, p. 55.
38. Waiser 1995, pp. 67–68.
39. Waiser 1995, p. 71.
40. Waiser 1995, p. 174.
41. Waiser 1995, pp. 146–147.
42. "Advisory Body Evaluation". UNESCO. 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2006.
43. Heidenreich, Phil (16 July 2018). "Mountain pine beetle epidemic sparks wildfire concerns in Jasper". Global News. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
44. "Mountain Pine Beetle Management Plan - Jasper National Park" (PDF). Parks Canada. Government of Canada. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
45. "Jasper National Park's Dark Sky Preserve". Parks Canada. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 11 October 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
46. Heidenreich, Phil (26 July 2024). "30% of Jasper structures destroyed by wildfire, critical infrastructure saved: Parks Canada". Global News. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
47. Elassar, Alaa (22 November 2020). "Canadian officials warn drivers not to let moose lick their cars". CNN. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
48. "Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
49. Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (21 March 2018). "Geology - Jasper National Park". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
50. Newton, Brandi (2 March 2016). "Athabasca River | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
51. "Sunwapta Falls". Waterfalls of the Pacific Northwest. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
52. Higdon, Brianna (16 March 2020). "Website". Brianna Marie Lifestyle.
53. "Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
54. "How Your Government Works". Municipality of Jasper. Archived from the original on 11 October 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
55. Loup, Mat (10 September 2010). "US pet day celebrations launch animated 'Alpha and Omega' movie". Media centre. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
56. "Alpha and Omega promo video". Tourism Jasper's blog. Tourism Jasper. 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
57. Mah, Bill (28 September 2010). "Jasper hopes for Hollywood bounce". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
58. White, Carrie (16 December 2010). "Tourism Jasper Has A Busy First Year". The Fitzhugh. Jasper, Canada: Aberdeen Publishing. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
59. Remark Named. "KLM PH-BVP (Boeing 777 - MSN 44555) | Airfleets aviation". www.airfleets.net.

Works cited

• Anderson, Ross; Reeves, Brian O.K. (1975). Jasper National Park Archaeological Inventory (PDF). Parks Canada: National Historic Parks and Sites Branch. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
• MacLaren, I.S., ed. (2007). Culturing Wilderness in Jasper National Park: Studies in Two Centuries in the Human History of the Upper Athabasca. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press. ISBN 9780888644831.
  • MacLaren, I.S. (2007). "Introduction". In MacLaren, I.S. (ed.). Culturing Wilderness in Jasper National Park: Studies in Two Centuries in the Human History of the Upper Athabasca. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press. pp. xv–xliii. ISBN 9780888644831.
  • Payne, Michael (2007). "The Fur Trade on the Upper Athabasca River, 1810-1910". In MacLaren, I.S. (ed.). Culturing Wilderness in Jasper National Park: Studies in Two Centuries in the Human History of the Upper Athabasca. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press. pp. 1–40. ISBN 9780888644831.
  • Murphy, Peter J. (2007a). ""Following the Base of the Foothills": Tracing the Boundaries of Jasper Park and its Adjacent Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve". In MacLaren, I.S. (ed.). Culturing Wilderness in Jasper National Park: Studies in Two Centuries in the Human History of the Upper Athabasca. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. pp. 71–122. ISBN 9780888644831.
  • Murphy, Peter J. (2007b). "Homesteading in the Athabasca Valley to 1910". In MacLaren, I.S. (ed.). Culturing Wilderness in Jasper National Park: Studies in Two Centuries in the Human History of the Upper Athabasca. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press. pp. 123–154. ISBN 9780888644831.
  • Reichwein, PearlAnn; McDermott, Lisa (2007). "Opening the Secret Garden.". In MacLaren, I.S. (ed.). Culturing Wilderness in Jasper National Park: Studies in Two Centuries in the Human History of the Upper Athabasca. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press. pp. 155–198. ISBN 9780888644831.
  • Taylor, C.J. (2007). "The Changing Habitat of Jasper Tourism". In MacLaren, I.S. (ed.). Culturing Wilderness in Jasper National Park: Studies in Two Centuries in the Human History of the Upper Athabasca. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press. pp. 199–232. ISBN 9780888644831.
  • Zezulka-Mailloux, Gabrielle (2007). "Laying the Tracks for Tourism". In MacLaren, I.S. (ed.). Culturing Wilderness in Jasper National Park: Studies in Two Centuries in the Human History of the Upper Athabasca. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press. pp. 233–260.
• MacLaren, I.S. (2011), "Rejuvenating Wilderness", A Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2011, University of Calgary Press, pp. 333–370, doi:10.2307/j.ctv6cfrjf.15, retrieved 7 April 2022
• Reichwein, PearlAnn (2014). Climber's Paradise: Making Canada's Mountain Parks, 1906–1974. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press. ISBN 978-1-77212-023-3.
• Sandford, Robert W. (2010). Ecology & wonder in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site. Edmonton: AU Press. ISBN 978-1-897425-58-9. OCLC 671374018.
• Waiser, W.A (1995). Park Prisoners, The Untold Story of Western Canada's National Parks, 1915–1946. Fifth House Publishers. ISBN 1-895618-65-7. OCLC 1131192438.

External links

• Official website
• Tourism Jasper. Tourism Jasper
• Hike Jasper. Hike Jasper