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Rudolf Leuckart
Rudolf Leuckart
	Rudolf Leuckart
Born	7 October 1822; Helmstedt
Died	6 February 1898 (aged 75); Leipzig
Citizenship	Germany
Alma mater	University of Göttingen
Known for	Taenia saginata; Taenia solium
	Scientific career
Fields	zoology; parasitology
Institutions	University of Giessen; University of Leipzig
Doctoral advisor	Rudolf Wagner
Notable students	Otto Bütschli; Hugo Münsterberg; Edward Laurens Mark; William Patten; Oskar Krancher

Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf Leuckart (7 October 1822 – 22 February 1898) was a German zoologist born in Helmstedt. He was a nephew to naturalist Friedrich Sigismund Leuckart (1794–1843).

Academic career

He earned his degree from the University of Göttingen, where he was a student of Rudolf Wagner (1805–1864). Afterwards he participated on a scientific expedition to the North Sea for the study marine invertebrates. Later he became a professor of zoology at the University of Giessen (1850) and the University of Leipzig (1869).^[1]

In 1877 he became honorary foreign member of the Linnean Society of London. ^[2]

Parasitological research

Leuckart is remembered for his work in parasitology, particularly research regarding tapeworm and trichinosis. He was the first to prove that Taenia saginata occurs only in cattle (and humans), and Taenia solium occurs only in swine (and humans). His study of Trichina helped support Rudolf Virchow's campaign to create meat inspection laws in Germany.^[3] With Virchow and Friedrich Albert von Zenker (1825–1898), he was the first to document the life cycle of the parasite Trichinella spiralis in swine and humans.

He, and independently Algernon Thomas, experimentally discovered the life-cycle of the sheep liver fluke in 1881–1883.^[4]

Today the "Rudolf-Leuckart-Medaille" is an annual award given for research in parasitology by the Deutschen Gesellschaft für Parasitologie (German Society of Parasitology).

Other contributions

Leuckart is credited with splitting George Cuvier's Radiata into two phyla: Coelenterata and Echinodermata.^[1] As a scientist, his provided excellent descriptions of morphologic details giving credence to the idea that zoological evolution can be learned through its anatomical changes. Between 1877 and 1892, he developed a series of zoological wall charts that have been used worldwide as teaching aids.

In the field of entomology, he conducted investigations into the micropyle and fertilization of insect eggs, the reproduction and development involving members of Pupipara, parthenogenesis among insects, and studies on the anatomy and life history of the honeybee.^[5]

A quote attributed to Rudolf Leuckart:

It is not possible for man, as a thinking being, to close his mind to the knowledge that he is ruled by the same power as is the animal world. Like the despised worm he lives in dependence upon external commands, and like the worm he perishes, even when he has shaken the world through the power of his ideas
— Rudolf Leuckart

A species of Australian lizard, Anomalopus leuckarti, is named in his honor.^[6]

Family

Leuckart's son, Carl Louis Rudolf Leuckart (1854–1889), was a chemist and professor.

The standard author abbreviation Leuck. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.^[7]

Written works

Beiträge zur Kenntnis wirbelloser Tiere, (Contributions to the knowledge of invertebrate animals) with Heinrich Frey; Braunschweig, 1847.
Über die Morphologie und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der wirbellosen Tiere, (On the morphology and relationships of invertebrate animals) Braunschweig, 1848
Zur Morphologie und Anatomie der Geschlechtsorgane, (Morphology and anatomy of reproductive organs) Braunschweig, 1848.
Beiträge zur Lehre der Befruchtung, (Contributions to the theory of fertilization) Göttinger Nachrichten, 1849.
Über den Polymorphismus der Individuen oder die Erscheinungen der Arbeitsteilung in der Natur, (On polymorphism of individuals or the phenomena of division of labor in nature), Gießen, 1851.
Zoologische Untersuchungen, (Zoological research) Gießen, 1853–54, 3 Hefte.
Vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie, (Comparative Anatomy and Physiology) Leuckart & Bergmann, Stuttgart, 1852.
Die Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung der Pupiparen, (The reproduction and development of Pupipara) Halle, 1857.
Zur Kenntnis des Generationswechsels und der Parthenogenesis bei den Insekten, (Change in generations and parthenogenesis in insects) Frankfurt, 1858.
Untersuchungen über Trichina spiralis, (Studies on Trichina spiralis) Leipzig, 1860, second edition- 1866.
Die Blasenwürmer und ihre Entwicklung, (Bladder-worms and their development) Gießen, 1856.
Die Parasiten des Menschen und die von ihnen herrührenden Krankheiten, (Parasites of man and the diseases arising from them), Leipzig, 1863–76, 2 volumes; second edition- 1879 ff.
Die Entwicklunggeschichte des Leberegels (Distonum hepaticum, dt.), (Developmental history of the liver fluke (Distonum hepatic dt.) in: Zoologischer Anzeiger 4, 1881.
Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Baes und der Lebensgeschichte der Nematoden, (New contributions to the knowledge of Baes and the life history of nematodes, 1887.

References

^ ^a ^b ADB: Leuckart, Rudolf @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
^ Harting, James Edmund, ed. (June 1877). "Proceedings of Scientific Societies: Linnean Society of London : May 3, 1877" . The Zoologist. 3. 1 (6): 265 – via Wikisource.
^ Lukács, D (February 1978). "Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf Leuckart, founder of parasitology". Orvosi Hetilap. 119 (6): 341–3. PMID 343042.
^ Cheng, Thomas C. (1973). General Parasitology. Academic Press. pp. 125–128. ISBN 978-0-12-170750-7.
^ Psyche. Vol. 8. Cambridge Entomological Club. 1899. pp. 214–.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Leuckart", p. 156).
^ International Plant Names Index. Leuck.