Rhabdomys is a largely Southern Africangenus of muroid rodents slightly larger than house mice. They are known variously as striped or four-striped mice or rats. Traditionally the genus has been seen as a single species, Rhabdomys pumilio, though modern evidence on the basis of karyotype and mtDNA analysis suggests that it comprises two or more species and subspecies.[1]DorsallyRhabdomys species display four characteristic black longitudinal stripes on a paler background.[2]
Appearance and distribution
DorsallyRhabdomys species display four black longitudinal stripes on a paler background, and accordingly authors sometimes describe it as having seven stripes. In any event Rhabdomys species as a group are unmistakable because no similarly sized Southern African rodents are similarly marked.[2] Their stripes inspired the generic name, which is derived from the Greek rhabdos meaning rod; hence Rhabdomys, meaning something like "barred mouse".[3]
Physically they are fairly typical smallish Murids, rather larger than house mice, and with more of a "Roman nose". Head+body length is about 105mm, and the same for the tail. A large male might have a mass of 55 grams.[2]
Unlike most small rodents, Rhabdomys species exhibit a diurnal, bimodal activity pattern, with activity concentrated around crepuscular periods in mornings and evenings, and reduced during the midday period.[9]
The omnivorous diet, the ability to survive without water provided that the food has a minimum water content of 15%,[10] and its extreme plasticity in habitat preference are likely reasons for its wide (if discontinuous; Brooks, 1982) distribution throughout Southern Africa.[11]
Rhabdomys are fairly omnivorous and will eat some kinds of insects opportunistically, but their main foods are seeds and other vegetable matter such as certain forbs. They will also eat the underground storage organs of certain small species of geophytes, such as edible Moraeas, which they can locate by smell and dig up. Though they are by no means generally regarded as serious pests, their depredations can be unwelcome to grain farmers and horticulturists when their population happens to be high.
Rhabdomys are important prey items for many species of snake, and for small to medium-sized carnivores such as the caracal, serval, wildcat and black-footed cat, jackal, and several species of mongoose. They also are major food items for several species of birds of prey. Even owls take advantage when they catch the mice in crepuscular activity.[2]
Breeding
Rhabdomys is a seasonal breeder and reproductively active from spring to autumn.[5][12] After a gestation period of 22–23 days, free-living females give birth to approximately five pups; captive females have slightly larger litters (e.g. 7.2 ±1.8[13]). Pups begin to consume solid food at ten days, leave the nest from twelve days, and weaning occurs at around 16 days. Sexual maturity is reached at approximately five to six weeks (range 34 – 90 days[14]). Timing of sexual maturity, as well as dispersal age, depends on environmental factors (e.g. resource availability), social cues (e.g. the presence of older, reproductively active animals), as well as the animal's developmental history (e.g. weight at weaning; sex-ratio of litter[15]). Females have an inter-litter interval of approximately 23–30 days.[13]
Social structure
Rhabdomys has a flexible social organisation and mating system that appears to be shaped primarily by resource (particularly food and cover) availability and, secondarily, by population density. In arid habitats (e.g. Namib;[16] Kalahari;[17][18] succulent karoo[19][20]Rhabdomys can be described as a territorial, group-living, solitary forager that displays biparental care.[21] In mesic, grassland habitats (e.g. Kwa-Zulu Natal Midlands;[22]Pretoria Highveld;[23]Zimbabwe grassland;[24] and semi-succulent thorny scrub (e.g. Eastern Cape[25]) animals are solitary, with females rearing their litters on their own, and both sexes maintain territories that overlap the territories of the opposite, but not the same, sex.[19] However, males from both mesic and xeric populations display parental care in captivity,[20] suggesting a plesiomorphic occurrence in the mesic populations, since the desert-living form represents the ancestral form.[11]
Morphology
There is some regional variation in morphology. Striped mice from the southwestern regions of southern Africa are slightly larger than animals from the more northern regions, and animals from the xeric western areas have a paler coat than do mice from the mesic, eastern regions.[6] In addition, there appear to be population level differences in personality – an animal's characteristic and consistent style of behaviour[26] – and stress-sensitivity,[27] although these differences have yet to be investigated empirically.
Karyotypic forms
Two karyotypic forms of Rhabdomys (2n = 28 and 2n = 46) have been detected. Based on this finding and on the analysis of mitochondrial DNA, as well as evidence of divergent behavioural repertoires among populations (e.g. courtship behaviours[7][28]). It has initially been suggested that R. pumilio be reclassified as two species: R. pumilio (the social form that occurs in xeric habitats; 2n = 48) and R. dilectus (the solitary form, found in mesic areas, that comprises two subspecies R. d. dilectus, 2n = 46, and R. d. chakae, 2n = 48).[11] More recent mtDNA and nuclear DNA analyses support the existence of at least four distinct species, "R. pumilio" confined to the south western coastal parts of South Africa, "R intermedius" confined mostly to the higher altitudes of the arid western part of South Africa (above the Great Escarpment), "R. bechuanae" confined mostly to the western regions of South Africa and Namibia above the Orange river and "R. dilectus" confined to the mesic east of southern Africa [29]).
References
^Castiglia R., Solano E., Makundi R. H., Hulselmans J., Verheyen E., Colangelo P. (2011). "Rapid chromosomal evolution in the mesic four-striped grass rat Rhabdomys dilectus (Rodentia, Muridae) revealed by mtDNA phylogeographic analysis". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 50 (2): 165–172. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2011.00627.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcdefMills, Gus & Hes, Lex (1997). The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. ISBN978-0-947430-55-9.
^Schumann, D. M., H. M. Cooper, M. D. Hofmeyr, and N. C. Bennett (2005). "Circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in the four-striped field mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio: A diurnal African rodent". Physiology and Behavior. 85 (3): 231–239. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.03.024. PMID15950249. S2CID9637860.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcRambau, R. V., R. Stanyon, and T. J. Robinson (2003). "Molecular genetics of Rhabdomys pumilio subspecies boundaries: mtDNA phylogeography and karyotypic analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 564–574. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00058-7. PMID12927139.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Schradin, C. & Pillay, N. (2003). "Paternal care in the social and diurnal striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio): Laboratory and field evidence". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 117 (3): 317–324. CiteSeerX10.1.1.530.8917. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.317. PMID14498808.
^ abPillay, N. (2000). "Female mate preference and reproductive isolation in populations of the striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio". Behaviour. 137 (11): 1431–1441. doi:10.1163/156853900502655.
^Brooks, P.M. (1982). "Aspects of the reproduction, growth and development of the 4-striped field-mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio (Sparrman, 1784)". Mammalia. 46: 53–63. doi:10.1515/mamm.1982.46.1.53. S2CID85913116.
^Schradin, C. & Pillay, N. (2004). "The striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) from the succulent karoo, South Africa: A territorial group-living solitary forager with communal breeding and helpers at the nest". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 118 (1): 37–47. CiteSeerX10.1.1.528.6596. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.118.1.37. PMID15008671.
^Wirminghaus, J. O. & Perrin, M.R. (1993). "Seasonal changes in density, demography, and body composition of small mammals in a southern temperate forest". Journal of Zoology. 229 (2): 303–318. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02638.x.
^du Toit, N.; et al. (2012). "Biome specificity of distinct genetic lineages within the four-striped mouseRhabdomys pumilio (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Africa with implications for taxonomy". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.036. PMID22728170.
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