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Raphitomidae
	Microdaphne trichodes shell
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Conoidea
Family:	Raphitomidae; A. Bellardi, 1875
Type genus
	Raphitoma; Bellardi, 1847
Synonyms
	Andoniinae Vera Peláez, 2002; Daphnellinae T. L. Casey, 1904; Pleurotomellinae F. Nordsieck, 1968; Taraninae T. L. Casey, 1904; Thatcheriidae Powell, 1942; Raphitominae A. Bellardi, 1875 (new rank);

Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.^[1]^[2]

Bouchet, Kantor et al. elevated in 2011 the subfamily Raphitominae (which at that point had been placed in the family Conidae) to the rank of family. This was based on a cladistic analysis of shell morphology, radular characteristics, anatomical characters, and a dataset of molecular sequences of three gene fragments. The family was found to be monophyletic.^[1]

Description

The Raphitomidae is the largest, most diverse and most variable taxon in the Conoidea, with the greatest number of species and the largest ecological range (from the tropics to the pole) and largest vertical range (intertidal to hadal depths).^[1]

The shells of species in the Raphitomidae are very variable in shape (buccinoid to ovate, elongate-fusiform, or high-cylindrical) and size (2 to 140mm in height). Similarly, shell sculpture is extremely variable, from nearly smooth to well developed spiral and axial elements and subsutural ramps. Common morphology includes apertural armature rarely well developed, inner lip usually smooth, no operculum, radular tooth hypodermic in character with marginal teeth of variable morphology (including variable length).^[1]

The muscular bulb of the venom gland is always single-layered. The close relationship of Raphitomidae with cone snails (which are already under intensive study for the pharmaceutical applications of their toxins), makes them an interesting candidate for the discovery of new toxins.^[3]

Another characteristic is the multispiral protoconch, which shows spiral striae on protoconch I and diagonally cancellated ("raphitomine") sculpture on protoconch II.^[4]^[5]

Some species with a paucispiral protoconch are included in the family. This is usually based on similarities in shell morphology to species having a "raphitomine" protoconch. This determination should also ideally be founded on other attributes, such as the type of radula or foregut anatomy or their lack of an operculum.^[6]

Genera

This is a list of the accepted names of genera in the family Raphitomidae (the main reference for recent species is the World Register of Marine Species)^[7]

Abyssobela Kantor & Sysoev, 1986
Abyssothauma Sysoev, 1996
Acamptodaphne Shuto, 1971
Acanthodaphne Bonfitto & Morassi, 2006
Aliceia Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1897
Aplotoma gen. nov. ^[8]
Asperdaphne Hedley, 1922
Austrobela gen. nov. ^[8]
Austrodaphnella Laseron, 1954
Austropusilla Laseron, 1954
Austrotheta gen. nov. ^[8]
† Awheaturris Beu, 1970
Azorilla F. Nordsieck, 1968; synonym of Teretia Norman, 1888.
Bathybela Kobelt, 1905
Buccinaria Kittl, 1887
Biconitoma gen. nov. ^[8]
Clathromangelia Monterosato, 1884
Clinura Bellardi, 1875
Cryptodaphne Powell, 1942
Cyrillia Kobelt, 1905
Daphnella Hinds, 1844
Diaugasma Melvill, 1917
Eubela Dall, 1889
Eucyclotoma Boettger, 1895
Exomilus Hedley, 1918
Famelica Bouchet & Warén, 1980
Favriella Hornung, 1920
Fusobela gen. nov. ^[8]
Glaciotomella gen. nov. ^[8]
Gladiobela Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre & Fedosov, 2020 ^[8]
Globodaphne gen. nov. ^[8]
Glyphostomoides Shuto, 1983
Gymnobela Verrill, 1884
Hemilienardia Boettger, 1895
† Hokianga Laws, 1947
Isodaphne Laseron, 1954
Kermia Oliver, 1915
Kuroshiodaphne Shuto, 1965
Leiosyrinx Bouchet & A. Sysoev, 2001
Leufroyia Monterosato, 1884
Lusitanops F. Nordsieck, 1968
† Maoridaphne Powell, 1942
Microdaphne McLean, 1971
Microgenia Laseron, 1954
Mioawateria Vella, 1954
Neopleurotomoides Shuto, 1971
Nepotilla Hedley, 1918
Nodothauma gen. nov. ^[8]
† Onoketoma Beu, 2011
Pagodibela gen. nov. ^[8]
Pagodidaphne Shuto, 1983
Paramontana Laseron, 1954
Phymorhynchus Dall, 1908
Pleurotomella Verrill, 1872
Pontiothauma E.A. Smith, 1895
Pseudodaphnella Boettger, 1895
† Pseudolusitanops Lozouet, 2017
Pueridaphne gen. nov. ^[8]
† Puha Marwick, 1931
Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847
Rimosodaphnella Cossmann, 1916
Rocroithys Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001
Spergo Dall, 1895
Stilla Finlay, 1926
Taranidaphne Morassi & Bonfitto, 2001
Taranis Jeffreys, 1870
Teleochilus Harris, 1897
Teretia Norman, 1888
Teretiopsis Kantor & Sysoev, 1989
Thatcheria Angas, 1877
Thatcheriasyrinx Powell, 1969
Thatcherina Vera-Pelaez, 1998
Thesbia Jeffreys, 1867
Theta A.H. Clarke, 1959
Thetidos Hedley, 1899 - as a separate genus^[9] or as a synonym of Lienardia^[10]
Tritonoturris Dall, 1924
Trochodaphne gen. nov. ^[8]
Truncadaphne McLean, 1971
Tuskaroria Sysoev, 1988
Typhlosyrinx Thiele, 1925
Veprecula Melvill, 1917
Vepridaphne Shuto, 1983
Vitjazinella Sysoev, 1988
Xanthodaphne Powell, 1942
Zenepos Finlay, 1926

Genera which have been brought into synonymy

Allo Jousseaume, 1934: synonym of Taranis Jeffreys, 1870
Anomalotomella Powell, 1966: synonym of Pleurotomella Verrill, 1872
Aspertilla Powell, 1944: synonym of Asperdaphne Hedley, 1922
Azorita F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of Pleurotomella Verrill, 1872
Bathypota F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of Bathybela Kobelt, 1905
Cenodagreutes E.H. Smith, 1967: synonym of Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847
Cirillia Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Philbertia Monterosato, 1884
Clathurina Melvill, 1917 : synonym of Kermia Oliver, 1915
Cochlioconus Yokoyama, 1928: synonym of Thatcheria Angas, 1877
Cordiera: synonym of Cordieria Rouault, 1848
Cyrtoides F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847
Eudaphne Bartsch, 1931: synonym of Daphnella Hinds, 1844
Eudaphnella Bartsch, 1933: synonym of Daphnella Hinds, 1844
Feliciella Lamy, 1934: synonym of Taranis Jeffreys, 1870
Fenestrosyrinx Finlay, 1926 : synonym of Taranis Jeffreys, 1870
Fusidaphne Laseron, 1954: synonym of Pleurotomella Verrill, 1872 (synonym)
Hemidaphne Hedley, 1918: synonym of Daphnella Hinds, 1844
Homotoma Bellardi, 1875: synonym of Philbertia Monterosato, 1884
Leufroyia Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Philbertia Monterosato, 1884
Lineotoma F. Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of Philbertia Monterosato, 1884
Litachilus Powell, 1944: synonym of Teleochilus Harris, 1897
Magnella Dittmer, 1960: synonym of Mioawateria Vella, 1954
Majox F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of Gymnobela Verrill, 1884
Metaclathurella Shuto, 1983: synonym of Otitoma Jousseaume, 1898
Mordica Dall, 1924: synonym of Veprecula Melvill, 1917
Ootoma Koperberg, 1931: synonym of Buccinaria Kittl, 1887
Ootomella Bartsch, 1933: synonym of Buccinaria Kittl, 1887
Paradaphne Laseron, 1954: synonym of Daphnella Hinds, 1844
Peratotoma Harris & Burrows, 1891: synonym of Philbertia Monterosato, 1884
Philbertia Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847
Pionotoma Kuroda, 1952: synonym of Buccinaria Kittl, 1887
Qii Zhang, 1995: synonym of Pseudodaphnella Boettger, 1895
Rhaphitoma: synonym of Raphitoma Bellardi, 1848
Speoides Kuroda & Habe, 1961: synonym of Spergo Dall, 1895
Teres Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of Teretia Norman, 1888
Tasmadaphne Laseron, 1954: synonym of Pleurotomella Verrill, 1872 (synonym)
Turrhyssa Dall, 1924: synonym of Eucyclotoma Boettger, 1895
Watsonaria F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of Gymnobela Verrill, 1884

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.
^ Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia 47(1-2). ISBN 3-925919-72-4. 397 pp.
^ Fedosov, Alexander E., and Nicolas Puillandre. "Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Kermia–Pseudodaphnella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Raphitomidae) genus complex: a remarkable radiation via diversification of larval development." Systematics and Biodiversity 10.4 (2012): 447-477
^ Kantor, Yuri I., and John D. Taylor. "Foregut anatomy and relationships of raphitomine gastropods (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Raphitominae)." Bollettino Malacologico 38 (2003): 83-110.
^ Kantor, Yuri I., Ellen E. Strong, and Nicolas Puillandre. "A new lineage of Conoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) revealed by morphological and molecular data." Journal of Molluscan Studies 78.3 (2012): 246-255
^ Høisæter, Tore. "A taxonomic review of the Norwegian species of Raphitoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Raphitomidae)." (2016).
^ WoRMS: Raphitomidae
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Francesco Criscione; Anders Hallan; Nicolas Puillandre; Alexander Fedosov (2021). "Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 961–1000. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa088.
^ Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyr017.
^ Bouchet, P. (2011). Thetidos Hedley, 1899 . Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435335 on 2011-09-02

Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp
Li, Baoquan, and Xinzheng Li. "Report on the Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) from the China Seas." Journal of natural history 48.17-18 (2014): 999-1025.
M. Morassi & A. Bonfitto: New raphitomine gastropods (Gastropoda: Conidae: Raphitominae) from the South-West Pacific; Zootaxa 2526: 54–68 (2010)
Criscione, Francesco, et al. (2021) "Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191(4):961-1000