Ngbandi language

Ngbandi
Ngbandi–Mongoba–Kazibati
Native to	Democratic Republic of the Congo
Region	Équateur Province
Ethnicity	Ngbandi, Yakoma
Native speakers	Northern Ngbandi: 250,000 (2000)[1] Southern Ngbandi: 110,000
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo? Savanna? Ubangian Ngbandi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: ngb – Northern Ngbandi nbw – Southern Ngbandi yky – Yakoma deq – Dendi mgn – Mbangi gyg – Gbayi
Glottolog	ngba1290
ELP	Gbayi

The Ngbandi language is a dialect continuum of the Ubangian family spoken by a half-million or so people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Ngbandi proper) and in the Central African Republic (Yakoma and others). It is primarily spoken by the Ngbandi people, which included the dictator of what was then known as Zaire, Mobutu Sese Seko.

Varieties

Northern Ngbandi is the lexical source of the trade language Sango, which has as many native speakers as Ngbandi and which is used as a second language by millions more in the CAR.

A variety of Ngbandi may have been spoken further east, in the DRC villages of Kazibati and Mongoba^[2][3] near Uganda, until the late 20th century, but this is uncertain.

Yakoma, with a central position on the Ubangi River that divides the CAR from the DRC, has a high degree of intelligibility with all other varieties of Ngbandi, though as with any dialect continuum, it does not follow that more distant varieties are necessarily as intelligible with each other as they are with Yakoma.

Gbayi or Kpatiri is a divergent Ngbandic language. Gbayi had likely been adopted by people who had formerly spoken a Zande language. Nzakara, a Zande language, is spoken near Gbayi. Perhaps not coincidentally, Kpatili also happens to be the name of a spurious Zande language for which there is no linguistic data.^[4]

Phonology

The phonology consists of the following:^[5]

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio- velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	k͡p
	voiced	b	d		ɡ	ɡ͡b
	prenasal	ᵐb	ⁿd		ᵑɡ	ᵑᵐɡ͡b
Fricative	voiceless	f	s				h
	voiced	v	z
	prenasal	ᶬv	ⁿz
Rhotic			(r)
Approximant			l	j		w

• Sounds /l/ and /r/ alternate with each other.^[6]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

Writing system

Northern Ngbandi alphabet^[citation needed]

a

b

d

e

ɛ

f

g

h

i

k

kp

l

m

n

ny

o

ɔ

p

s

t

u

v

w

y

z

References

1. Northern Ngbandi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
   Southern Ngbandi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
   Yakoma at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
   Dendi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
   Mbangi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
   Gbayi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
2. Linguasphere code 93-ABB-ae/af
3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mongoba-Kazibati". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
4. Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
5. Kamanda, Kola (1989). "La Conjugaison en Ngbandi (Langue non-Bantu)". Annales Aequatoria. 10: 181–200. JSTOR 25836516.
6. Boyd, Raymond (1988). "Le kpatiri ou gbayi, une nouvelle langue du groupe ngbandi". Lexique comparatif des langues oubanguiennes. Geuthner. pp. 35–49.