Naswār (Pashto: نسوار, Cyrillic script: насва́р, Hindi: नसवार), also called nās (ناس; на́с), nāsor (ناسور; насур) or nasvay (نسوای; насвай), is a moist, powdered tobacco dip consumed mostly in Afghanistan, and surrounding countries, including Pakistan, India and neighboring Central Asian republics.[1] Naswar is stuffed in the floor of the mouth under the lower lip, or inside the cheek, known as butt style stuffing, for extended periods of time, usually for 15 to 30 minutes. It is similar to dipping tobacco and snus. Swabi, Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Charsadda, Mohmand and Herat are renowned for their production of some of the highest quality Naswar.[2]
Using naswar can cause a various harmful effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreas cancer, coronary heart disease, as well as negative reproductive effects including stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight.[3][4] Naswar poses a lower health risk than traditional combusted products.[5] However it is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking.[6] The level of risk varies between different types of products and producing regions.[7][5] There is no safe level of naswar use.[6] Globally smokeless tobacco products contribute to 650 000 deaths each year.[8]
Types
There are two forms of naswar; powder, and a paste cake style mixed with lime. It has a very pungent and powerful smell, resembling that of a fresh bale of coastal hay,[citation needed] and has a subtle flavor as it mixes with the saliva. The nicotine effect can occur within 5 minutes after intake, producing a slight burning sensation on the inner lip and tongue.
Nas: tobacco, ash, cotton or sesame oil, water, and sometimes gum.[9]
Naswār is made from sun and heat-dried tobacco leaves. These are added to slaked lime, ash from tree bark, and flavoring and coloring agents are mixed together. Water is added and the mixture is rolled into balls.
Usage
Packets of Naswar
South and Central Asia
The green powder form is used most frequently. It is made by pouring water into a cement-lined cavity, to which slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and air-cured, sun-dried, powdered tobacco is added. Indigo is added to the mixture to impart color,[10] and juniper ash may be added as flavoring.[citation needed]
Currently, the countries of the region freely sell naswar in the markets, usually on trays with cigarettes and sunflower seeds. The only exception is Turkmenistan, where in 2008 President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow signed a decree banning the production, sale, use, and import of naswar.[11]
In November 2006, an editorial in the newspaper Daily Times in Pakistan caused some controversy over its allegedly biased representations of Pashtun predilection for naswar.[13]
Eastern Europe and Russia
In Russia, naswar is not a traditional product, but it has gained popularity especially among teenagers. It was sold in the markets of Moscow[14] and in other cities of the Urals, Volga, and other regions of the country. Its trade was usually conducted on trays with spices.[14] According to the association of tobacco distributors "Grandtabak", in the first half of 2004, Russia's import of naswar or "chewing tobacco" amounted to almost 67 tons (valued around 2 million US dollars), primarily from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.[15] On 23 February 2013, the Russian State Duma signed a federal law (N 15-ФЗ) which banned both wholesale and retail naswar from 1 June 2013 onward in Russia.[16]
Belarusian physicians have reported patients' medical information regarding naswar use to law enforcement agencies.[17] In Estonia, naswar is distributed to nightclubs.[18]
Health effects
Even though it is less dangerous than smoking, naswar is addictive, represents a major health risk, has no safe level use and is not a safe substitute for smoking.[19][20][21][22] Globally it contributes to 650 000 deaths each year with a significant proportion of them in Southeast Asia.[23][24]
Using naswar can cause a number of adverse health effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreatic cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and deformities in the female reproductive system.[25] It also raises the risk of fatal coronary artery disease, fatal stroke and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease[26][27]
Quitting naswar use is as challenging as smoking cessation.[28] There is no scientific evidence that using naswar can help a person quit smoking.[29][30]
All tobacco products, including naswar, contain cancer-causing chemicals.[34][35] These carcinogenic compounds occurring in naswar vary widely, and depend upon the kind of product and how it was manufactured.[36] There are 28 known cancer-causing substances in smokeless tobacco products.[36]
Cardiovascular disease
Using naswar increases the risk of fatal coronary heart disease and stroke.[37][38] In 2010 more than 200 000 people died from coronary heart disease due to smokeless tobacco use.[39] Use of naswar also seems to greatly raise the risk of non-fatal ischaemic heart disease among users in Asia, although not in Europe.[37]
Effects during pregnancy
Naswar can cause adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth, premature birth, low birth weight.[37][40] Nicotine in naswar products that are used during pregnancy can affect how a baby's brain develops before birth.[40]
^ abLipari, R. N; Van Horn, S. L (31 May 2017). "Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use and Initiation: 2002 to 2014". Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. PMID28636307. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^US Department of Health and Human Services. Health consequences of using smokeless tobacco: a report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General. Bethesda, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1986.
^Lipari, R. N; Van Horn, S. L (31 May 2017). "Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use and Initiation: 2002 to 2014". Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. PMID28636307. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^Lipari, R. N; Van Horn, S. L (31 May 2017). "Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use and Initiation: 2002 to 2014". Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. PMID28636307. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^Bourne, G. E.: Columbus, Ramon Pane, and the Beginnings of American Anthropology (1906), Kessinger Publishing, 2003, page 5
^McKenna, T.: Food of the Gods - The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge - A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution, Bantam Books, 1993, page 199
