Map of countries by fertility rate. India's fertility rate has greatly decreased in recent years and is now distinctly below the global rate.
1966 family planning stamp from India
Family planning in India is based on efforts largely sponsored by the Indian government. From 1965 to 2009, contraceptive usage has more than tripled (from 13% of married women in 1970 to 48% in 2009) and the fertility rate has more than halved (from 5.7 in 1966 to 2.4 in 2012), but the national fertility rate in absolute numbers remains high, causing concern for long-term population growth. India adds up to 1,000,000 people to its population every 20 days.[1][2][3][4][5] Extensive family planning has become a priority in an effort to curb the projected population of two billion by the end of the twenty-first century.
In 2016, the total fertility rate of India was 2.30 births per woman[6] and 15.6 million abortions performed, with an abortion rate of 47.0 abortions per 1000 women aged between 15 and 49 years.[7] With high abortions rates follows a high number of unintended pregnancies, with a rate of 70.1 unintended pregnancies per 1000 women aged 15–49 years.[7] Overall, the abortions occurring in India make up for one third of pregnancies and out of all pregnancies occurring, almost half were not planned.[7] On the Demographic Transition Model, India falls in the third stage due to decreased birth rates and death rates.[8] In 2026, it is projected to be in stage four once the Total Fertility Rate reaches 2.1.[8]
Contraceptive usage
The Red Triangle indicates family planning products and services in India.Family planning stamp of India with the Red Triangle, 1987
Women in India are not being fully educated on contraception usage and what they are putting in their bodies.[9] From 2005 to 2006 data was collected to indicate only 15.6% of women using contraception in India were informed of all their options and what those options actually do.[9] Contraceptive usage has been rising gradually in India. In 1970, 13% of married women used modern contraceptive methods, which rose to 35% by 1997 and 48% by 2009.[2]
Awareness of contraception is near-universal among married women in India.[10] However, the vast majority of married Indians (76% in a 2009 study) reported significant problems in accessing a choice of contraceptive methods.[3] The above table clearly indicates more evidence that the availability of contraceptives is a problem for people in India. In 2009, 48.4% of married women were estimated to use a contraceptive method.[3] About three-fourths of these were using female sterilization which is by far the most prevalent birth-control method in India.[3] Condoms, at a mere 3%, were the next most prevalent method.[3] Meghalaya, at 20%, had the lowest usage of contraception among all Indian states. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh were the other two states that reported usage below 30%.[3]
Sterilization is a common practice in India. Contraceptive practices in India are heavily skewed towards terminal methods like sterilization, which means that contraception is practiced primarily for birth limitation rather than birth planning.[11] It is common to use camps to enforce sterilization. This process can be done with or without consent.[12]
Comparative studies have indicated that increased female literacy is correlated strongly with a decline in fertility.[13] Studies have indicated that female literacy levels are an independent strong predictor of the use of contraception, even when women do not otherwise have economic independence.[14] Female literacy levels in India may be the primary factor that help in population stabilisation, but they are improving relatively slowly: a 1990 study estimated that it would take until 2060 for India to achieve universal literacy at the current rate of progress.[13]
In 2015, there was an average 58% of women who used contraceptives, with female sterilization still being the most preferred and favored among 91% of women.[15] Higher rates of sterilization are seen among women who hold less education than those with more education. Those with higher education have lower rates due to the delay of getting married and childbirth.[15] 77% of the women who underwent sterilization had not used an alternative contraception prior to the procedure and most women were under the age of 26, who seem to have many options available in regards to protection.[16] The preoccupation with birth limitation by India's family planning programme has meant that it has not been able to successfully reach young married women who are in the process of building their family and enable them to meet their family planning intentions.[11]
According to Family Planning 2020, in 2017 there were 136,569,000 women using modern method contraception which prevented: 39,170,000 unintended pregnancies, 11,966,000 unsafe abortions, and 42,000 maternal deaths due to family planning.[17] In 2012, India's modern contraception prevalence rate among all women was 39.2, in 2017 it was 39.57, and in 2020 is predicted to rise to 40.87.[17]
Family Planning Programme
A family planning stamp from 1989
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is the government unit responsible for formulating and executing family planning in India. An inverted Red Triangle is the symbol for family planning health and contraception services in India. In addition to the newly implemented government campaign, improved healthcare facilities, increased education for women, and higher participation among women in the workforce have helped lower fertility rates in many Indian cities. The objectives of the program are positioned towards achieving the goals stated in several policy documents.[18] While India is improving in fertility rates, there are still areas of India that maintain much higher fertility rates.[19][20]
In 2017, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched Mission Pariwar Vikas, a central family planning initiative. The key strategic focus of this initiative is on improving access to contraceptives through delivering assured services, ensuring commodity security and accelerating access to high quality family planning services. its overall goal is to reduce India's overall fertility rate to 2.1 by the year 2025.[21] Along with that two contraceptive pills, MPA (Medroxyprogesterone acetate) under Antara program and Chaya (earlier marketed as Saheli) will be made freely available to all government hospitals.[21]
Family planning program benefits not only parents and children but also to society and nation, by being able to keep the number of new births under control allows for less population growth.[22] With less population growth this will allow for more resources towards those already existing in the Indian population, with more resources comes longer life expectancy and better health.[22]
Fertility rate
India's current fertility rate as of 2016, is 2.3 births per woman. The fertility rate (average number of children born per woman during her lifetime) in India has been declining, though it has still not reached the average replacement rate yet. The average replacement rate is 2.1. (This rate is said to stabilize a population) Replacement rate can be defined as the rate at which the population exactly replaces itself.[23] Factoring in infant mortality, the replacement rate is approximately 2.1 in most industrialised nations and about 2.5 in developing nations (due to higher mortality). The fertility rates in India have dropped rapidly in rural areas, but are dropping at a stable rate in urban and populated areas.[24] Although this seems promising, two-thirds of India's population resides in rural areas, adding to the decreased fertility rate.[24] Discounting immigration and population momentum effects, a nation that crosses below the replacement rate is on the path to population stabilisation and, eventually, population reduction. There have been several factors influencing recent trends in Indian fertility including, but not limited to: limitation of family planning ability, age at marriage/childbirth, and the space between children born to one woman.[18] Although India is dealing with major overpopulation issues, the fertility rate and the overall population is declining.[24]
Historical fertility trend
The fertility rate in India has been in long-term decline, and more than halved from 1960 to 2009. From 5.7 births per woman in 1966, it declined to 3.3 births per woman by 1997 and 2.7 births per woman in 2009.[4][5] In 2005 the TFR, (total fertility rate), was listed as 2.9 births per women. Since this time, the country has recorded a steady decline in order to reach the current rate (as of 2014) of 2.3 births per woman.[18]
State and country comparisons
Twenty Indian states have dipped below the 2.1 replacement rate level and are no longer contributing to Indian population growth.[25] The total fertility rate of India stands at 2.2 as of 2017. Four Indian states have fertility rates above 3.5 - Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland Of these, Bihar has a fertility rate of 4.0 births per woman, the highest of any Indian state. For detailed state figures and rankings, see Indian states ranking by fertility rate.[citation needed]
In 2009, India had a lower estimated fertility rate than Pakistan and Bangladesh, but a higher fertility rate than China, Iran, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.[26]
According to Jin Rou New and colleagues research and data[27] they were able to compile enough data to create the following table.
TABLE 1: Showing data in regards to contraception use in India[27]
State
Prevalence of modern contraceptive use in 2015
Unmet need for modern methods in 2015
Demand satisfied with modern methods in 2015
Change in prevalence of modern contraceptive use, 1990–2015
Prevalence of modern contraceptive use in 2030
Unmet need for modern methods in 2030
Demand satisfied with modern methods in 2030
Increase in percentage of users of modern methods required to meet 75% demand satisfied target compared with 2015
Additional number of users of modern methods (millions) required to meet 75% demand satisfied target compared with 2015
Andhra Pradesh
69.8 (65.8 to 73.5)
5.5 (4.5 to 6.7)
92.7 (90.9 to 94.2)
25.1 (14.2 to 36.2)
70.5 (51.4 to 84.2)
6.5 (2.7 to 13.9)
91.5 (79.4 to 96.9)
..
..
Arunachal Pradesh
47.2 (36.4 to 58.0)
23.3 (16.3 to 31.2)
66.9 (55.3 to 77.4)
29.6 (16.9 to 42.3)
55.4 (35.4 to 73.9)
18.9 (9.4 to 31.8)
74.5 (54.1 to 88.4)
8.8 (–3.0 to 20.0)
0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)
Assam
40.9 (28.9 to 52.9)
35.6 (25.5 to 47.7)
53.5 (38.3 to 67.0)
21.7 (7.6 to 35.4)
48.5 (26.0 to 69.1)
28.6 (14.1 to 50.0)
62.9 (35.3 to 82.6)
17.5 (4.1 to 31.0)
1.37 (0.72 to 2.01)
Bihar
26.0 (22.5 to 29.9)
22.9 (20.5 to 25.6)
53.1 (48.0 to 58.3)
6.3 (–1.7 to 13.3)
41.0 (24.4 to 60.0)
21.2 (12.5 to 31.1)
65.6 (46.7 to 82.3)
21.2 (9.9 to 30.7)
5.08 (3.04 to 6.78)
Chhattisgarh
57.0 (46.4 to 67.1)
16.7 (11.2 to 23.6)
77.3 (67.2 to 85.4)
26.0 (–0.5 to 49.1)
60.9 (40.8 to 77.9)
14.9 (6.7 to 26.9)
80.2 (61.6 to 91.9)
..
..
Delhi
58.0 (42.3 to 72.0)
19.6 (11.3 to 31.7)
74.7 (57.9 to 86.2)
6.4 (–12.1 to 23.7)
60.3 (38.7 to 78.0)
18.0 (8.1 to 33.8)
77.0 (54.7 to 90.4)
0.9 (–12.5 to 16.0)
0.54 (0.21 to 0.90)
Goa
25.7 (22.3 to 29.6)
20.1 (17.9 to 22.5)
56.1 (51.0 to 61.1)
–10.0 (−20.0 to −0.5)
38.8 (22.7 to 57.5)
20.8 (12.6 to 30.6)
64.9 (45.8 to 81.2)
19.5 (8.1 to 29.5)
0.06 (0.03 to 0.09)
Gujarat
57.6 (41.9 to 71.4)
16.7 ( 9.6 to 27.3)
77.5 (61.6 to 87.9)
13.0 (–5.6 to 30.5)
60.5 (38.8 to 78.7)
15.3 (6.8 to 29.6)
79.7 (58.3 to 91.8)
..
..
Haryana
58.4 (54.0 to 62.5)
13.8 (12.0 to 15.8)
80.9 (77.7 to 83.7)
16.4 (5.9 to 26.7)
60.9 (41.9 to 77.0)
13.8 (6.8 to 24.4)
81.4 (64.4 to 91.7)
..
..
Himachal Pradesh
58.7 (47.8 to 68.8)
15.5 (9.8 to 22.8)
79.1 (68.4 to 87.2)
6.8 (–7.8 to 21.1)
62.1 (41.9 to 78.9)
13.8 (6.1 to 25.5)
81.8 (63.2 to 92.8)
..
..
Jammu and Kashmir
47.6 (32.3 to 62.7)
24.2 (15.0 to 36.0)
66.2 (49.0 to 80.3)
10.4 (–7.7 to 28.2)
53.4 (32.3 to 72.8)
20.9 (10.0 to 36.9)
71.7 (48.1 to 87.7)
8.3 (–6.0 to 23.3)
0.34 (0.11 to 0.57)
Jharkhand
45.9 (35.0 to 56.5)
28.6 (20.7 to 37.7)
61.5 (49.0 to 72.6)
28.4 (4.5 to 46.5)
54.1 (32.8 to 73.1)
22.8 (11.4 to 39.3)
70.2 (46.6 to 86.2)
12.1 (0.0 to 23.4)
1.18 (0.55 to 1.75)
Karnataka
54.1 (49.4 to 58.8)
10.9 (9.3 to 12.7)
83.2 (79.9 to 86.1)
9.0 (–2.0 to 20.1)
59.7 (40.2 to 76.7)
11.4 (5.1 to 20.4)
84.0 (67.6 to 93.6)
..
..
Kerala
54.7 (44.0 to 64.9)
19.6 (13.2 to 27.3)
73.6 (62.6 to 82.6)
3.0 (–11.0 to 17.0)
58.1 (38.6 to 75.0)
17.9 (8.8 to 31.2)
76.4 (56.4 to 89.3)
2.4 (–9.0 to 13.4)
0.55 (–0.18 to 1.25)
Madhya Pradesh
52.4 (47.7 to 57.0)
14.2 (12.4 to 16.3)
78.6 (75.0 to 81.8)
16.5 (–7.1 to 37.8)
58.3 (39.3 to 75.0)
13.9 (6.8 to 23.7)
80.7 (63.8 to 91.5)
..
..
Maharashtra
63.5 (59.1 to 67.5)
11.7 (10.1 to 13.5)
84.4 (81.6 to 86.9)
13.0 (2.2 to 24.0)
65.4 (46.5 to 80.5)
11.5 (5.2 to 21.3)
85.0 (69.4 to 93.8)
..
..
Manipur
14.7 ( 8.9 to 22.3)
40.3 (30.9 to 50.4)
26.8 (16.7 to 38.5)
–7.7 (–17.6 to 2.4)
28.8 (13.2 to 48.8)
35.0 (22.2 to 50.9)
44.9 (22.5 to 67.2)
33.8 (21.6 to 44.3)
0.15 (0.11 to 0.19)
Meghalaya
21.1 (18.1 to 24.5)
25.7 (23.1 to 28.5)
45.0 (40.1 to 50.0)
7.6 (1.2 to 13.2)
35.5 (19.8 to 54.3)
25.4 (16.1 to 36.1)
57.9 (38.4 to 76.2)
25.3 (14.1 to 34.7)
0.13 (0.08 to 0.17)
Mizoram
60.1 (48.9 to 70.3)
16.4 (10.2 to 24.4)
78.5 (67.3 to 87.1)
8.7 (–6.5 to 23.5)
63.3 (43.1 to 80.1)
13.5 (5.5 to 25.4)
82.4 (63.7 to 93.6)
..
..
Nagaland
37.0 (21.7 to 54.3)
29.8 (19.8 to 41.3)
55.2 (36.7 to 72.5)
25.0 (8.7 to 43.1)
49.1 (27.7 to 70.8)
23.7 (11.7 to 39.4)
67.2 (43.3 to 85.4)
17.8 (2.4 to 32.2)
0.06 (0.02 to 0.10)
Odisha
48.3 (37.3 to 59.2)
26.6 (18.8 to 36.2)
64.5 (51.4 to 75.5)
15.7 (1.0 to 29.9)
54.8 (34.0 to 73.0)
21.4 (10.7 to 37.8)
71.9 (48.8 to 87.0)
9.2 (–2.9 to 21.0)
1.25 (0.39 to 2.04)
Punjab
60.3 (49.7 to 69.9)
15.1 (9.9 to 21.9)
79.9 (70.2 to 87.3)
12.0 (–2.0 to 25.9)
77.1 (64.2 to 87.0)
14.7 (6.9 to 26.8)
80.7 (62.2 to 91.6)
..
..
Rajasthan
62.3 (51.8 to 71.2)
16.0 (10.8 to 23.0)
79.5 (69.9 to 86.6)
33.9 (20.1 to 46.4)
65.5 (45.2 to 81.3)
13.9 (6.3 to 26.5)
82.4 (63.9 to 92.7)
..
..
Sikkim
48.4 (43.4 to 53.3)
22.3 (19.6 to 25.3)
68.5 (63.6 to 72.8)
16.8 (–1.3 to 32.9)
55.7 (36.3 to 73.3)
18.7 (9.3 to 30.5)
74.7 (55.6 to 88.5)
7.7 (–2.1 to 15.7)
0.02 (0.01 to 0.03)
Tamil Nadu
53.7 (48.9 to 58.5)
11.4 ( 9.8 to 13.2)
82.5 (79.0 to 85.4)
10.8 (–0.2 to 21.5)
59.2 (39.9 to 75.9)
11.7 (5.4 to 20.6)
83.5 (67.0 to 93.2)
..
..
Tripura
43.1 (38.5 to 47.8)
31.9 (27.0 to 37.8)
57.5 (50.8 to 63.5)
14.3 (3.7 to 24.1)
49.8 (29.0 to 68.6)
26.3 (13.8 to 45.3)
65.3 (40.1 to 82.9)
14.7 (4.9 to 23.3)
0.17 (0.10 to 0.22)
Uttar Pradesh
40.7 (29.8 to 52.0)
35.0 (25.8 to 45.5)
53.7 (40.1 to 66.3)
24.1 (11.3 to 36.9)
51.7 (29.8 to 71.2)
26.2 (13.3 to 44.9)
66.2 (41.5 to 84.1)
18.0 (5.5 to 30.2)
9.18 (5.53 to 12.61)
Uttarakhand
50.9 (46.3 to 55.3)
19.9 (17.5 to 22.6)
71.8 (67.7 to 75.6)
15.2 (–8.3 to 36.7)
56.4 (37.7 to 73.7)
17.6 (9.0 to 29.3)
76.1 (57.3 to 89.0)
5.0 (–4.6 to 13.2)
0.26 (0.09 to 0.39)
West Bengal
57.5 (52.9 to 61.9)
21.7 (17.8 to 26.6)
72.6 (66.8 to 77.4)
21.7 (10.8 to 32.3)
59.6 (39.1 to 75.7)
19.9 (10.0 to 37.3)
74.9 (52.1 to 88.1)
2.6 (–6.5 to 10.4)
2.10 (0.51 to 3.44)
Family in Pronatalist India
India carries a pronatalist attitude towards fertility, with the large family structure creating an environment for new children to learn and grow in Indian culture. In many parts of India, male children are favored over female children, however efforts are being taken to change this attitude. Males are raised to be assertive and independent figures, while females are raised to put others before themselves, particularly their family. Families tend to encourage childbearing and expect to provide an environment of support for any new members of the family, raising the children based on Indian family practices and beliefs. Children are not encouraged to be independent or assist the family from an early age, rather the family expects to support and provide for the child until they reach adolescence.[citation needed]
Two-Child Policy
Multiple Indian states have adopted a limited two-child policy. The policies are implemented by prohibiting persons with more than two children from serving in government.[28] The most recent policy to be implemented was by Assam in 2017.[29] Some states have repealed policies; Chhattisgarh introduced a policy in 2001[30] and repealed it in 2005.[31]
A criticism of these policies is that it decreases the number of women in government positions, and encourages sex-selective abortions.[32]
The policy was geared mainly towards politicians, future and aspiring, to limit their number of children to two or less.[33] Those who held politicians have stricter policies in hopes that they will set an example for the community, if one were to exceed the limit of two children while employed, they would be terminated from the job.[33] Non-politicians may also receive consequences to exceed the two child limit, the government begins to withhold health care, government rights, face jail and, fees.[33]
Progress on reproductive health and family planning has been limited.[citation needed] As of 2016, India's infant mortality rate is 34.6 per 1000 livebirths,[34] and as of 2015, maternal mortality sits at 174 per 100,000 livebirths.[35] Leading causes of maternal mortality include hemorrhage, sepsis, complications of abortion, and hypertensive disorders, and infection, premature birth, birth asphyxia, pneumonia, and diarrhea for infants.[36] In 2005, the Government of India established the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in effort to address some of these issues amongst others.[36] The objective of the NRHM includes the provision of effective healthcare to rural areas, especially to poor and vulnerable populations.[37] Through the NRHM, special provisions have been made to address concerns for reproductive health, especially for adolescents who are more likely to participate in risky sexual behaviors and less likely to visit health facilities than adults.[38] Ultimately, the NRHM aims to push India towards the Millennium Development Goal targets for reproductive health.[36]
History of Family Planning Programmes
Raghunath Dhondo Karve published a Marathi-language magazine Samaj Swasthya (समाज स्वास्थ्य) starting from July 1927 until 1953. In it, he continually discussed issues of society's well-being involving population control through use of contraceptives. He explained the use of contraception would help prevent unwanted pregnancies and induced abortions. Karve proposed that the Indian Government should take up a population control programme, but was met with opposition. Mahatma Gandhi was the main opponent of birth control. His opposition was the result of his belief that self-control is the best contraceptive. However, Periyar's views were strikingly different from that of Gandhi. He saw birth control as a means for women to control their own lives.[39]
In 1952, India became the first country in the developing world to create a state-sponsored family planning program, the National Family Planning Program.[40] The program's primary objectives were to lower fertility rates and slow population growth as a means to propel economic development.[41] The program was based on five guiding principles:
"The community must be prepared to feel the need for the services in order that, when provided, these may be accepted
Parents alone must decide the number of children they want and their obligations towards them
People should be approached through the media they respect and their recognized and trusted leaders and without offending their religious and moral values and susceptibilities
Services should be made available to the people as near to their doorsteps as possible
Services have greater relevance and effectiveness if made an integral part of medical and public health services and especially of maternal and child health programs"[42]
The program was tied to a series of five year plans aimed at economic growth and restructuring which were carried out over 28 years, from 1952 to 1979.[41] Over the course of this period, preferred birth control methods shifted from the rhythm method eventually to a focus on sterilization and IUDs.[41]
Since the beginning, India's family planning program was marred by a "vertical approach" rather than working on additional factors. These factors affecting population growth include poverty, education, public health care. Owing to the foreign aid flowing in for the family planning programs, there has always been a foreign intervention in designing the family planning programs in India without assessing the actual socio-economic conditions of the country. In the early 1970s, Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, had implemented a forced sterilisation programme, but failed. Officially, men with two children or more had to submit to sterilisation, but many unmarried young men, political opponents and ignorant, poor men were also believed to have been sterilised. This program is still remembered and criticised in India, and is blamed for creating a public aversion to family planning, which hampered Government programs for decades.[43] After Emergency the focus of family planning program shifted to women as sterilising men proved to be politically expensive.[20]
Over the course of the program, family planning in India resulted in a 19.9% decrease in birth rate where it has since stagnated at 35 births per 1000 persons.[41] By 1996, the program had been estimated to have averted 16.8 crore births.[44] This is due in part to government intervention which established many clinics as well as the enforcement of fines for those who avoided family planning. Additionally, there was high variance between regions in the use of family planning.[45] However, maternal and infant morbidity and mortality rates remain high along with the number of unsafe abortions, and little is known about the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases.[46]
^Rabindra Nath Pati (2003). Socio-cultural dimensions of reproductive child health. APH Publishing. p. 51. ISBN978-81-7648-510-4.
^ abMarian Rengel (2000), Encyclopedia of birth control, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN978-1-57356-255-3, archived from the original on 7 October 2015, retrieved 1 February 2016, ... In 1997, 36% of married women used modern contraceptives; in 1970, only 13% of married women had ...
^ abArjun Adlakha (April 1997), Population Trends: India(PDF), U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, archived from the original(PDF) on 10 October 2013, retrieved 5 December 2009
^B.M. Ramesh; S.C. Gulati; R.D. Retherford, "Contraceptive use in India, 1992-93"(PDF), National Family Health Survey Subject Reports, Number 2, October 1996, archived(PDF) from the original on 5 August 2016, retrieved 25 November 2009
^A. Dharmalingam; S. Philip Morgan (1996), "Women's work, autonomy, and birth control: evidence from two south India villages", Population Studies, 50 (2): 187–201, doi:10.1080/0032472031000149296, JSTOR2174910
^Searchinger, Tim; Hanson, Craig; Waite, Richard; Lipinski, Brian; Leeson, George (8 July 2013). "Achieving Replacement Level Fertility". Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
^Buch, Nirmala (June 2005). "Law of Two-Child Norm in Panchayats: Implications, Consequences and Experiences". Economic and Political Weekly. 40 (24): 2421–2429. JSTOR4416748.
^Rao, Mohan(2004) from population control to reproductive health, Sage publications, ISBN0-7619-3269-0
^Visaria, Leela; Jejeebhoy, Shireen; Merrick, Tom (1999). "From Family Planning to Reproductive Health: Challenges Facing India". International Family Planning Perspectives. 25: S44 –S49. doi:10.2307/2991871. JSTOR2991871.
^B.N. Saxena (1996), "Reproductive Health in India", Advances in Contraception, 12 (4): 265–270, doi:10.1007/BF01849328, PMID9048992, S2CID26416664, ... The National Family Welfare Programme, established in India during the late 1950s, has averted about 168 million births since its inception ...
^Mo, H. F. (September 1986). "[Family planning in India]". Ren Kou Yan Jiu = Renkou Yanjiu (5): 51–54. ISSN1000-6087. PMID12315380.
Mandani, Mahmood (1972). The Myth of Population Control: Family, Caste, and Class in an Indian Village, in series, Modern Reader. First Modern Reader Pbk. ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973, cop. 1972. 173 p. SBN 85345-284-9
Malcolm Muggeridge Thomas Malcolm Muggeridge (Sanderstead, 24 maart 1903 – Robertsbridge, 14 november 1990) was een Engelse journalist, schrijver, mediapersoonlijkheid en satiricus. Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog was hij soldaat en spion.[1] Een van zijn eerste jobs was als gids in Brugge. Tijdens dat verblijf in België leerde hij zijn vrouw Kitty kennen.[2] Hij kwam uit een links georiënteerd gezin, maar op latere leeftijd werd hij katholiek. Het was zijn boek over Moeder...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع يوري (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (فبراير 2019) يوري يوري كان ، عداء مسافات طويلة الجنس أنثوي لغة الاسم اليابانية أصل الاسم المعنى معاني مختلفة تعتمد على رسم كانجي ال...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يناير 2018) جازباتشوgazpacho (بالإسبانية) معلومات عامةالمنشأ إسبانيا بلد المطبخ مطبخ إسباني — مطبخ برتغالي النوع cold sweet soup (en) — tomato dish (en) — طعام المكونات الرئيسية القائ...
Old Iraqi mosque built in the Ottoman Empire in 1682 Uzbek MosqueArabic: جامع الأزبكReligionAffiliationIslamEcclesiastical or organizational statusActiveLocationLocationBaghdad, Iraq ArchitectureGeneral contractorAbd al-Aziz KhanSpecificationsDome(s)1Minaret(s)1 The Uzbek Mosque (Arabic: جامع الأزبك) is a historic Mosque located on al-Rusufa district of Baghdad, Iraq. It's distinguished by its architecture and history that dates back to the 17th century. The mosque is also...
Political party in Argentina This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (December 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for t...
Kevin Durant won two of the four H-O-R-S-E competitions in NBA history. The NBA All-Star H–O–R–S–E Competition (also called the NBA All–Star G–E–I–C–O Competition because of its sponsor, Geico Insurance) was a National Basketball Association (NBA) contest which began at the 2009 NBA All–Star Weekend in Phoenix, Arizona, and only lasted for two years.[1][2] It was canceled from the All-Star festivities prior to the 2011 weekend.[2] The contest had be...
Not to be confused with Darkest Day. 1998 studio album by Stabbing WestwardDarkest DaysStudio album by Stabbing WestwardReleasedApril 7, 1998Recorded1997StudioEldorado Studios and NRG Recording Studios, North Hollywood, CaliforniaGenre Industrial metal industrial rock alternative metal Length64:23LabelColumbiaProducerStabbing Westward, Dave Jerden, Ulrich WildStabbing Westward chronology Wither Blister Burn & Peel(1996) Darkest Days(1998) Stabbing Westward(2001) Singles from Darke...
British furniture dealer Theophilus Carter c. 1894 Theophilus Carter (1824 – 21 December 1904) was an eccentric British furniture dealer who may have been an inspiration for the illustration by Sir John Tenniel of Lewis Carroll's characters the Mad Hatter in his 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Hatta in the 1871 sequel Through the Looking-Glass. Inventor and craftsman Carter was born in Oxford, the son of Thomas Carter and Harriet née Eldridge.[1] Some writ...
Norwegian-American tattoo artist (1891–1974) Amund DietzelDietzel in 1914Born(1891-02-28)28 February 1891Kristiania, NorwayDied9 February 1974(1974-02-09) (aged 82)Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, U.S.OccupationTattoo artist Amund Dietzel (28 February 1891 – 9 February 1974) was an early American tattoo artist who tattooed tens of thousands of people in Milwaukee between 1913 and 1967. He developed a substantial amount of flash art, influenced many other tattoo artists, and helped to define th...
Association football player In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is El Haddadi and the second or maternal family name is Mohamed. Munir El Haddadi Munir with Sevilla in 2020Personal informationFull name Munir El Haddadi Mohamed[1]Date of birth (1995-09-01) 1 September 1995 (age 28)Place of birth El Escorial, SpainHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)[2]Position(s) Forward, right wingerTeam informationCurrent team Las PalmasNumber 17Youth career20...
2019 single by AJR This article is about the AJR song. For other songs, see Birthday Party § Music. Birthday PartySingle by AJRfrom the album Neotheater ReleasedMarch 12, 2019 (2019-03-12)Recorded2018GenrePopLength3:43LabelS-CurveSongwriter(s) Jack Met Adam Met Ryan Met Peter Ivers David Lynch Producer(s)Ryan MetAJR singles chronology 100 Bad Days (2019) Birthday Party (2019) Dear Winter (2019) AudioBirthday Party on YouTube Birthday Party is a song by American pop band AJR. I...
2008 studio album by Adam GreenSixes & SevensStudio album by Adam GreenReleasedMarch 7, 2008 (EU)March 10, 2008 (UK)March 18, 2008 (US)GenreAnti-folk, baroque pop, blues rockLabelRough TradeAdam Green chronology Jacket Full of Danger(2006) Sixes & Sevens(2008) Minor Love(2010) Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic60/100 [1]Review scoresSourceRatingAllmusic [2]Twisted Ear [3]The Skinny [4]Spin [5]NME8/10[6]Pit...
SEPTA train station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States For stations with similar names, see Saint Martin (disambiguation)#Transit. St. MartinsGeneral informationLocation7915 St. Martins LanePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, 19118Owned bySEPTAPlatforms2 side platformsTracks2ConstructionParking76 spacesAccessibleNoOther informationFare zone2HistoryOpened1883; 140 years ago (1883)ElectrifiedMarch 22, 1918; 105 years ago (1918-03-22)[1]Previous name...
City in Georgia, United StatesWoodbine, GeorgiaCityTop, left to right: Camden County Courthouse, Old Camden County Courthouse, Satilla River, St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Woodbine Historic District SealMotto(s): Cherish Yesterday, Embrace Today, Prepare for Tomorrow[1]Location in Camden County and the state of GeorgiaCoordinates: 30°57′43″N 81°43′12″W / 30.96194°N 81.72000°W / 30.96194; -81.72000CountryUnited StatesStateGeorgiaCountyCamdenArea&...
Fokker GI adalah pesawat tempur berat bermesin ganda yang diproduksi Belanda. Pesawat ini sebanding dalam ukuran dan peran dengan pesawat Jerman Messerschmitt Bf 110 dan de Havilland Mosquito milik Inggris. Meskipun diproduksi sebelum Perang Dunia II, pengenalan tempurnya datang pada saat Belanda diserbu. Beberapa G.1 yang dihimpun ke dalam layanan yang mampu mencetak beberapa kemenangan, tetapi akhirnya pesawat tersebut ditarik dari operasi, dan sisa proses produksi diambil alih oleh Luftwaf...
Species of succulent Kalanchoe 'Tarantula'GenusKalanchoeCultivar'Tarantula' Kalanchoe 'Tarantula', or Kalanchoe katapifa 'Tarantula', is a succulent cultivar in the kalanchoe genus that produces small bouquets of pink flowers.[1] Description Cluster of flowers 30cm in height and width, the plant features irregular, spidery leaves (hence its name), and produces long-lasting, vibrant pink flowers in spring and autumn.[2] Cultivation It is cultivated as houseplant and as a rock o...
جوليو لو بارك معلومات شخصيه الميلاد 23 سبتمبر 1928 (96 سنة)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] ميندوزا[8][9][10] مواطنه ارجنتين[11] فرنسا[12] الحياه العمليه المهنه نحات[13][14][15][9]، ورسام[14][15][9] اللغات المحكي...
Companion of Francisco Goya Believed to be a portrait of Leocadia Zorrilla; painted by Francisco Goya (c. 1815). It was formerly identified as his wife, Josefa Bayeu Leocadia Zorrilla, married name Leocadia Weiss (9 December 1788, Madrid – 7 August 1856, Madrid), was the old-age companion of Spanish painter Francisco Goya, and mother of the artist Rosario Weiss Zorrilla. Biography Leocadia was orphaned at an early age and her education was provided by her aunt, Juana Galarza. Much of her ea...
