Military career and honours of Francisco Franco

Coat of Arms of Francisco Franco until 1940
Coat of Arms of Francisco Franco as Head of the Spanish State, depicting the Castilian Bend, the Pillars of Hercules and the Laureate Cross

The military career of Francisco Franco Bahamonde began on 29 August 1907, when he took the oath as a cadet at the Spanish Toledo Infantry Academy. On 13 July 1910 he graduated from Infantry Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Spanish Army, in the same promotion as Juan Yagüe, Emilio Esteban Infantes, Camilo Alonso Vega, José Asensio, Lisardo Doval Bravo and Eduardo Sáenz de Buruaga. He rose through the ranks over the next twenty years and became one of the most important Spanish commissioned officers of the Rif War. On 31 January 1926 Franco, aged 33, became the youngest general in all of Europe. In January 1928 he was then chosen to direct the newly formed General Military Academy in Zaragoza. From 19 May 1935 to 23 February 1936, Franco was elevated to Chief of Army Staff before the 1936 election moved the leftist Popular Front into power, relegating him to the Canary Islands as Commander of the Archipelago Force. After initial reluctance, he joined the July 1936 military coup which, after failing to take Spain, sparked the Spanish Civil War.

During the war, he commandeered Spain's colonial army in Africa and after the death of much of the rebel leadership became his faction's only leader. On 1 October 1936, in Burgos, Franco was appointed Generalissimo and Head of State. He consolidated all nationalist parties into the FET y de las JONS (creating a one-party state). Three years later the Nationalists declared victory and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975 assuming the title Caudillo.

Styles

  • 3 August[note 1] – 30 September 1936: "The Most Excellent Divisional general Francisco Franco Bahamonde, Member of the National Defence Board."
  • 30 September – 1 October 1936: "His Excellency the Head of the State Government and Generalissimo of the Armies.
  • 1 October – 19 December 1936: "His Excellency the Head of the State and Generalissimo of the Armies.
  • 19 December 1936 – † 20 November 1975 : "His Excellency the Head of the State, Caudillo of Spain and the Crusade, Generalissimo of the Armies.[a][b]

Nicknames

The Víctor other personal emblem used by Franco
  • Homo missus a Deo (A man sent from God).
  • Providential man
  • Sentinel of the West
  • Crusader of the West
  • Prince of the armies
  • The cleanest sword of the West/Europe
  • Supreme captain of the Race
  • Undefeated Caesar
  • Saviour of the Fatherland/Spain
  • The only victor against Marxism on the field of battle
  • The youngest general in Europe
  • Little light of El Pardo

Dates of rank

List of assignment

  • 23 July 1910 – 6 February 1912: Second Lieutenant, 8th Infantry Regiment «Zamora»
  • 19 February 1912 – 15 April 1913: Second and First Lieutenant, 68th Infantry Regiment «África»
  • 15 April 1913 – 26 March 1915: First Lieutenant, 1st Indigenous Regular Forces of Melilla
  • 26 March – 7 April 1915: Captain, Square for Service Eventualities in Ceuta
  • 7 April 1915 – 1 January 1917: Captain, 1st Indigenous Regular Forces of Melilla
  • 1 January – 1 March 1917: Captain, 1st Group of Indigenous Regular Forces of Tétouan
  • 1 March 1917 – 27 September 1920 Commandant, 3rd Infantry Regiment «Príncipe»
  • 27 September 1920 – 8 June 1923: Chief of the 1st Flag of the Foreigners Tercio
  • 8 June 1923 – 11 February 1926: Chief of the Volunteers Tercio
  • 29 April 1926 – 8 January 1928: Chief of the 1st Infantry Brigade, 1st Division
  • 8 January 1928 – 30 June 1931: Director of the General Military Academy
  • 5 February 1932 – 29 March 1934: Chief of the 15th Infantry Brigade
  • 29 March 1934 – 15 February 1935: Balearics General Commander[d]
  • 15 February – 19 May 1935: High Chief of the Military Force in Morocco
  • 19 May 1935 – 23 February 1936: Chief of Army Staff
  • 23 February – 25 July 1936:[e] Canary General Commander
  • 25 July – 27 August 1936: General of the Army in Morocco and the Southern Spain[a]
  • 27 August – 30 September 1936: Chief of the Military Force in Morocco and the Expeditionary Force[a]
  • 30 September 1936 – † 20 November 1975:[a][b] Commander-in-chief of the Armies/Spanish Armed Forces

Awards

Laureate Grand Cross of Saint Ferdinand, borne by Francisco Franco
Badge of the Tercio (without bars)
Insignia of the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber, reign of Alfonso XIII
Military Decorations[2][3][4]
Chief and Laureate Grand Cross of the Military Order of Saint Ferdinand[5]
Individual Military Medal Two clasps
1st Class Cross (Star) of the Royal and Military Order of María Cristina Two clasps
War Grand Cross[6]
Grand Cross of Military Merit with white badge[7]
Grand Cross of Aeronautical Merit with white badge[8]
Chief and Grand Cross[9] of the Military Order of Saint Hermenegild
3rd Cross Class (Star) of the Military Merit with red badge[f]
3rd Cross Class (Star) of the Naval Merit with red badge[g]
2nd Class Cross (Star) of the Military Merit with red badge[f] Three times
Suffering for the Motherland Medal[note 2]
Commander with Star of the Military Order of Saint Hermenegild
1st Class Cross (crowned simple cross with ribbon) of Military Merit with red badge[f] Four times
Cross of the Military Order of Saint Hermenegild
(Military) Medal of Melilla Kert, Beur Bu-Gafar and Tétouan clasps
Medal of the Peace of Morocco[10][11]
The Tercio Campaigns Medal[note 3]
Gold Medal (1st class) of the 4th Centenary of the Battle of Lepanto[12]
Collective Military Medal for the Foreigners Tercio Badge of Distinction[note 4][13]
Other Badges and Military Honours
Promotion Badge of Battlefield Merit or Rank Advance Five times[10]
Badge of the Tercio One gold bar and four red[14]
Sword of the Civil War Victory 20 May 1939
Civil Decorations
Chief and Grand Collar of the Imperial Order of the Yoke and Arrows[h]
Chief of the Distinguished Order of Charles III
Chief of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Chief of the Order of Civil Merit
Chief and Collar of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise
Chief of the Order of the Cross of Saint Raymond of Peñafort
Chief of the Order of Cisneros
Chief of the Order of Africa
Commander by Number of the Order of Isabella the Catholic[10][15]
Sumú-u (Grand Cross) of the Order of the Mehdauia[i][10]
Other Honours[2][3]
King's Gentlemen of the Bedchamber Alfonso XIII
Badge of the Head of the National Movement[note 5][16]
Foreign Decorations
Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín Argentina
Collar of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins Chile
Grand Cross Extraordinary of the Order of Boyaca Colombia
Grand Cross with Gold Breast Star of the Order of Trujillo Dominican Republic
Grand Cross with Gold Breast Star of the Order of Christopher Columbus
Collar of the National Order of Merit Ecuador
Grand Cross Extraordinary of the National Order of Merit
Collar of the Order of the Seal of Solomon Ethiopia
Commander of the Legion of Honour France
Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle Germany
Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer Kingdom of Greece
Grand Cross of the National Order of Honour and Merit Haiti
Knight of the Supreme Order of Christ[17] Holy See
Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation Italy
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy
Grand Cordon with Brilliants of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance[18] Jordan
Collar of the National Order of Merit Paraguay
Grand Cross of the Military Order of Ayacucho[19] Peru
Chief Commander of the Philippine Legion of Honor Philippines
Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna
Sash of the Three Orders Portugal
Grand Collar of the Order of the Tower and Sword
Grand Cross of the Military Order of Aviz
Grand Commander of the Order of Rama Thailand
International Military Orders
Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Knight Grand Cross of Justice with Collar of the Order of Saint Lazarus
Coat of arms of Franco as knight of the Supreme Order of Christ (Holy See)

Local government

Private corporations

  • Fútbol Club Barcelona:[216]
    • Palau Blagurana Inauguration Commemorative Gold Medal (1971) (HW)
    • Club 75 Anniversary Gold Medal (1974) (HW)

Scholastic

Honorary doctorates

 Spain:[217]

 Portugal:[217]

Honorific eponyms

Localities

Institutions and public infrastructures

Foundation

Awards

  • National Literature Prize «Francisco Franco» (1940-1975)
  • Spanish National Research Council (Suppressed)[220]
    • «Francisco Franco» Prizes for Spanish Literature
    • «Francisco Franco» Prize for Sciences
    • «Francisco Franco» Prize for Individual Technical Investigation
    • «Francisco Franco» Prize for Team Technical Research

Other

See also

Notes

  • (HW): Honour posthumously withdrawn
  • (HEW): Honorific eponym withdrawn
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Disputed until 1939 (Civil War).
  2. ^ a b c d e Perpetually at the head of the ranks of the Army, Navy and Air Force, Decree 3269/1975, 5 December. BOE - Spanish Official Journal no. 304, 19 December 1975, p. 26362.
  3. ^ a b c d War merit for promotion.
  4. ^ Destined in a higher level assignment.
  5. ^ Disputed (At Civil War). Ceased by the government on 19 July.
  6. ^ a b c Numbering of the classes was inverse to the usual order until 1939.
  7. ^ Numbering of the classes was inverse to the usual order until 1931.
  8. ^ Civil and military order
  9. ^ Order awarded by the Khalifa of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco.
  1. ^ Officially since 17 September 1936.
  2. ^ Class for Wounded or Injured at War by the Enemy
  3. ^ Campaign Commemorative Medal, Morocco clasp. Created on 17 November 1931 and repealed on 27 November 1937
  4. ^ Embroidered with canutille and silk gold threads, shaped like the Individual Military Medal, on the left sleeve of the uniform. In its central part, on a red background, the emblem of the Third was represented instead of the national personification of Spain.
  5. ^ It consists of the Yoke and arrows upon three four rays stars.
  6. ^ Controversial original meaning of the name 'EFE'.

References

  1. ^ a b Provision 18/07/1938, restoring the dignity of Captain General in the Army and Navy, and exalting H.E. the Head of the State on it. Spanish Official Journal.
  2. ^ a b "Historial del General Francisco Franco" [Service summary of General Francisco franco] (PDF). www.boe.es (in Spanish). BOE - Spanish Official Journal. 29 March 1934. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  3. ^ a b Biography of Francisco Franco. Fundación Nacional Francisco Franco. (In Spanish)
  4. ^ Prieto Barrio (2001) Diccionario de cintas de recompensas españolas (desde 1700) [Dictionary of Spanish service ribbon bars (since 1700)]. Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa. ISBN 84-7823-836-0.
  5. ^ Provision given in Madrid, on Victory Day, 19 May 1939, granting the Captain General of the Army and Navy, Generalissimo of the Armies the Grand Laureate Cross of San Fernando. BOE- Spanish Official Journal(In Spanish)
  6. ^ Portrait of Franco with the band of the Grand Cross of War and his Military Medal with two clasps.
  7. ^ Decree granting the Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit, with a white badge, to Divisional General Francisco Franco Bahamonde. Madrid Gazette: no. 345, of 12/11/1934, page 2,052. BOE - Spanish Official Journal
  8. ^ Photograph of Francisco Franco with the sash of the Grand Cross of the Aeronautical Merit.
  9. ^ Disposición de 25 de marzo de 1941 [ Provision of March 25, 1941]. BOE - Spanish Official Journal
  10. ^ a b c d Photograph of Francisco Franco with miniature medals.
  11. ^ Decreto 1947 de 22 de noviembre de 1927 [Decree 1947, 22 November 1927] (PDF) (in Spanish). Gaceta de Madrid, No.326 (22 November 1927) BOE - Spanish Official Journal. 22 November 1927. p. 1067. ISBN 978-84-340-2263-8. Retrieved 10 November 2020. Tendrán derecho a la Medalla de la Paz... Generales, Jefes, Oficiales, Caídos y Tropa del Ejército y de la Armada y de las Fuerzas auxiliares indígenas que hayan tomado parte en operaciones realizadas en Marruecos en cualquiera de los períodos comprendidos desde el 9 de julio de 1909 hasta el 12 de Octubre de 1927
  12. ^ Medal of the 4th Centenary of the Battle of Lepanto. BOE - Spanish Official Journal (1971/02/20). Acceded 24 October 2020.
  13. ^ File:Generaal Franco, Bestanddeelnr 922-6568.jpg Photograph of Franco with the collective military medal distinction shield on the left sleeve.
  14. ^ Portrait of Franco with the Tercio Badge.
  15. ^ Ceballos-Escalera, de, Alfonso (2015). La Real y Americana Orden de Isabel la Católica (1815-2015) [Royal and American Order of Isabella the Catholic (1815-2015)] (PDF) (in Spanish). BOE - Spanish Official Journal. p. 163. ISBN 978-84-340-2263-8. Retrieved 10 November 2020. Encomienda con Placa. Subsecretarios Directores Generales, Ministros Plenipotenciarios, Generales de Brigada, Contralmirantes... [Rules of the Order during the Second Republic]
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  211. ^ www.laopiniondezamora.es (2017/05/11). In Spanish
  212. ^ Local Act (2018/01/25). In Spanish
  213. ^ www.laopiniondezamora.es (2011/03/27). In Spanish
  214. ^ www.elperiodicodearagon.com (2019/11/23). In Spanish
  215. ^ El Faro de Ceuta (2017/09/10). In Spanish
  216. ^ Barça removes the medals from Francisco Franco. www.elplural.com. In Spanish
  217. ^ a b El Correo Gallego (11/11/2006)
  218. ^ La Voz de Galicia (2018/07/27). In Spanish
  219. ^ Order by which the Third Degree Professional Training Center of Pediatrics and Childcare is created «BOE» - Official Journal no. 147, 21 June 1971, pp. 10087-10090
  220. ^ Reslution C.S.I.C. (1972/10/27). In Spanish

Bibliography

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