Girona (Catalan:[ʒiˈɾonə]ⓘ; Spanish: Gerona[xeˈɾona]ⓘ) is the capital city of the province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the Ter, Onyar, Galligants, and Güell rivers. The city had an official population of 103,369 in 2020 but, the population of the Girona–Salt urban area is estimated to be about 156,400 (2020).[3] Girona is also capital of the comarca of the Gironès and the vegueria of Girona. Since much of the old quarter of this ancient city has been preserved, Girona is a popular destination for tourists. The city is located 99 km (62 mi) northeast of Barcelona.
The first historical inhabitants in the region were Iberians; Girona is the ancient Gerunda,[4] a city of the Ausetani. Later, the Romans built a citadel there, which was given the name of Gerunda. The Visigoths ruled in Girona until it was conquered by the Moors in 715. Charlemagne reconquered it in 785 and made it one of the fourteen original counties of Catalonia. It was sacked by the Moors in 827, 842, 845, 935, and 982. Wilfred the Hairy incorporated Girona into the County of Barcelona in 878.
The earliest documented evidence of a Jewish community in Girona dates to about 885.[5] The 12th century saw the Jewish community of Girona flourish, having one of the most important Kabbalistic schools in Europe. The Rabbi of Girona, Moshe ben Nahman Gerondi (better known as Nahmanides or Ramban) was appointed Great Rabbi of Catalonia. Centered on the Jewish Call (Call Jueu), the Jewish community of Girona came to an end in 1492,[6] when the Catholic Monarchs outlawed Judaism throughout Spain and Jews were given the choice of conversion or exile (see Alhambra Decree). For 400 years before that time, the Jewish cemetery was located beside the road to France, just north of the old city between the mountain Montjuïc, or hill of the Jews in medieval Catalan, and the river Ter.[5]
Girona has undergone twenty-five sieges and been captured seven times.[citation needed] It was besieged by the French royal armies under Charles de Monchy d'Hocquincourt in 1653, under Bernardin Gigault de Bellefonds in 1684, and twice in 1694 under Anne Jules de Noailles. During the Third siege of Girona of the Peninsular War, the city was besieged from May to December 1809 by 35,000 French Napoleonic troops under Vergier, Augereau and Gouvion Saint-Cyr. Continuously under heavy bombardment, Girona held out obstinately under the leadership of Álvarez de Castro until disease and famine compelled it to capitulate on 12 December. Girona was the center of the Ter department during the French rule, which lasted from 1809 to 1813. The defensive city walls of the western side were demolished at the end of the 19th century to allow for the expansion of the city, while the walls of the eastern side remained untouched but abandoned.[citation needed]
In recent years[when?], the missing parts of the city walls on the eastern side of the city have been reconstructed. Called the Passeig de la Muralla it now forms a tourist route around the old city.
The Ter river is the most important water course in the region. In Girona it flows through the north of the town, from southwest to northeast. It is in Girona where the Ter meets the Onyar, the second largest river in the area. The Onyar crosses the city from south to north and it has historically conditioned the city's development, as catastrophic floods have periodically affected the town since historic times.[7]
Seismic activity
Girona is located in a seismic zone, which means it occasionally has earthquakes throughout the year. Most of them are not felt, and some are felt as a minor vibration or light shaking.
The strongest earthquake recorded in Girona was the magnitude 6.7 Catalonia 1428 earthquake.
Climate
Girona has a humid Mediterranean climate. According to the Köppen climate classification, Girona has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) transitioning to a Mediterranean climate (Csa), with mild winters and hot summers. In winter, frost occurs frequently (41.3 days per year from November to March), but snowfall is quite rare. Temperatures in winter can drop to below −2 °C (28 °F), especially during days with thermal inversion. Average annual rainfall is usually slightly above 700 mm (28 in). The wettest seasons are autumn (September–November) and spring (April–early June). Thunderstorms can occur throughout the year, more frequently in summer, averaging 23.9 days per year. but usually there still is a significant arid period.[8] This can be seen through the natural vegetation around the city, as drought-tolerant oaks (Quercus ilex and, to a lesser extent, Quercus suber and Quercus pubescens) and pines (Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea and Pinus halepensis) dominate the majority of the plant communities.
Climate data for Girona Airport, 1981-2010 normals, extremes 1973-present
Girona is a popular destination for tourists and Barcelona day-trippers - the train journey from Barcelona Sants to Girona takes approximately forty minutes on high-speed trains, eighty with express ones and ninety with regional ones. The old town stands on the steep hill of the Caputxins to the east of the river Onyar, while the more modern section stands on the plains to the west. The city has a number of Art Nouveau buildings including the Farinera Teixidor by Rafael Masó.
Cathedral
Girona cathedral during the annual flower exhibition
The ancient cathedral, which stood on the site of the present one, was used by the Moors as a mosque, and after their final expulsion was either entirely remodelled or rebuilt. The present edifice is one of the most important monuments of the school of the Majorcan architect Jaume Fabre and an excellent example of Catalan Gothic architecture. It is approached in ninety steps. An aisle and chapels surround the choir, which opens by three arches into the nave, of which the pointed stone vault is the widest in Christendom (22 meters). Among its interior decorations is a retable which is the work of the Valencian silversmith Pere Bernec. It is divided into three tiers of statuettes and reliefs, framed in canopied niches of cast and hammered silver. A gold and silver altar-frontal was carried off by the French in 1809. The cathedral contains the tombs of Ramon Berenguer and his wife.
Old fortifications
The old fortifications are another popular sight. Historically, these have played a vital role in protecting Girona from invaders for hundreds of years. The city wall of the old town was an important military construction built in Roman times in the 1st century BC. It was thoroughly rebuilt under the reign of Peter III the Ceremonious in the second half of the 14th century. The Roman wall was used as a foundation. At the start of the 16th century, the wall was absorbed into the city. The walled precinct lost its military value. Bit by bit, the wall was degrading, as parts were gradually altered from the inside and the outside. The walls and lookout towers that make up these fortifications are split in two - a small section to the north of the old town and a much larger section to the east and south. It is possible to walk the walls and climb the towers, where visitors can enjoy panoramic views of Girona and the surrounding countryside.
Sant Feliu
The Collegiate Church of Sant Feliu, as seen from the river Onyar
The Collegiate Church of Sant Feliu is noteworthy from an architectural point of view. Its style is 14th-century Gothic, the façade dating from the 18th, and it is one of the few Spanish churches that possesses a genuine spire. It contains, besides the sepulchre of its patron and the tomb of the valiant Álvarez, a chapel dedicated to St. Narcissus, who according to tradition was one of the early bishops of the see.[12]
Sant Pere de Galligants
Sant Pere de Galligants
The Benedictine church of the monastery of Sant Pere de Galligants is in the early Romanesque style, dating to about the year 1130, though the monastery dates to about 950. The monastery slightly predates the Monastery of St. Daniel.
Plaça de la Independència
The Independence Square monument honors the city's defenders during the sieges of 1808 and 1809.
The Plaça de la Independència is one of the best-known and busiest squares in Girona. Located in the Mercadal district in the city centre, it is also known as Plaça de Sant Agustí, after the former Convent of Sant Agustí. Its name refers to the 1808–1814 War of Spanish Independence, part of the larger Peninsular War, against Napoleon Bonaparte.
The interest of the square lies in its 19th-century style, despite its being surrounded by identical austere neoclassical buildings with porches dedicated to the defenders of the city of Girona during the 1808 and 1809 sieges.
However, the symmetrical proportions of the square correspond more to contemporary interventions than its architectural past. The municipal architect Martí Sureda was the first to conceive an arcaded square with closed and neoclassical loops, and with some buildings having matching aesthetic proportions. The development of the area followed this scheme only in part. The construction of the first theatres in the city transgressed the concept of Martí Sureda. Until the 18th century, what that architect had imagined could not be completed. This part of the city in Noucentisme style is a romantic and timeless creation that nowadays captivates inhabitants and visitors. Today the area has great vitality because of the spread of cafés and restaurants, including some businesses well known for their history like the Café Royal, Cinema Albéniz and Casa Marieta.[13]
Cases de l'Onyar
Houses on the river Onyar
Characteristic of Girona are the picturesque houses overlooking the river Onyar. These were built over many years and give the flavour of a small Mediterranean city. The façanes are painted according to a palette created by Enric Ansesa, James J. Faixó and the architects Fuses and J. Viader.
One of these houses (at Ballesteries 29, Girona) is Casa Masó, the birthplace of the architect Rafael Masó and an example of Noucentisme in Girona. Since 2006 it has been the headquarters of the Fundació Rafael Masó. The river façade can be recognised by its unique white color.
Jewish heritage
A lane in the Jewish Quarter. Girona's Jewish community was lost as a result of the Expulsion.
Today, the historic Jewish quarter or Call has been restored. In 1492 the Jewish community was forced to choose between conversion and expulsion. After the Jews left, the neighborhood was sealed off and new houses were built over the old ones.[5] When the dictator Francisco Franco died in 1975, interest in the region's cultural history was revived. Some of the old buildings were excavated leading to the discovery of the home of Nahmanides, which was sold to the city in 1987.[14]
A rectangular indentation that once held a mezuzah can be seen on the doorway of an old building on Carrer de Sant Llorenç, while Centre Bonastruc ça Porta on Carrer de la Força is the site of a 15th century synagogue. The Center hosts the Girona Museum of Jewish History[15] and the Nahmanides Institute.[5] Excavations also turned up 1,200 old documents, including Talmudic commentary, accounts of domestic life, a description of the ancient synagogue and the names of Girona Jews who converted to Christianity in 1492.[14]
During the professional cycling season, various non-European pro cyclists have called Girona home, as illustrated in the book[17] by Michael Barry, written during his time with the US Postal Service cycling team. Between races, cyclists do their training rides outside the city, which provides excellent training terrain.[18]
In the Spring of 1997, Marty Jemison, Tyler Hamilton and George Hincapie moved to Girona as teammates of the US Postal Service Professional Cycling Team. This was the first year that American cyclists started living in Girona and meeting for training rides at the Pont de Pedra. Later, other well-known professional cyclists such as Lance Armstrong came to live in the city.
Football is also widely popular. The local Football club is Girona FC, who were promoted to La Liga in 2017. In December 2023, they recorded their first ever league victory over FC Barcelona to temporarily reach the top of the table.[19] The club's stadium is Estadi Montilivi.
The city has a roller hockey team, GEiEG, one of the most important in Spain, which competes in the main League OK Liga.
Girona landmarks include Saint Mary's Cathedral (left) and the City Walls Walkway (right).
Road
The town is on the Autopista AP-7 and N-II. The city is also the hub of the local road network with routes to the coast and inland towards the Pyrenees.
Buses
The city has a comprehensive urban bus service operated by private companies. There are also services to the other towns in the Girona province and long-distance buses.
Rail
Girona is served at its new railway station to the west of the Old Town. There are conventional trains from Barcelona to Portbou and the French border.
Girona is also an important stop on the AVE services from Paris, Marseille, Toulouse and Figueres to Barcelona, and from Figueres to Barcelona and Madrid.
The journey time to Barcelona is approximately 1 hour 35 minutes on the stopping "Regional" trains, 1 hour and 15 minutes by conventional train ("Media Distancia") or 37 minutes on the AVE. Madrid is reached in 3 h 45 min, also on the AVE.
The town's airport, Girona-Costa Brava, is 10 kilometres (6 miles) south of the town centre. It grew tremendously principally as a result of Ryanair choosing it as one of their European hubs, but then shrunk again after they relocated most of the flights to Barcelona El Prat.
Girona Airport is approximately a 30-minute bus ride from the bus terminal and train station in Girona city, and an hour from Barcelona centre, 92 km (57 mi) to the south. The bus stops in the centre of Barcelona, at the Estació d'Autobusos Barcelona Nord, Barcelona's main bus terminal.
Most low-cost airlines mention "Barcelona" in their descriptions of Girona airport.
Bupati KaimanaLambang Bupati KaimanaPetahanaFreddy Thiesejak 26 April 2021Masa jabatan5 tahun (definitif)Dibentuk2003Situs webkaimanakab.go.id Kabupaten Kaimana dari awal berdirinya pada tahun 2003 hingga saat ini sudah pernah dipimpin oleh beberapa bupati. Berikut ini adalah Bupati Kaimana dari masa ke masa. No Bupati Awal menjabat Akhir menjabat Prd. Ket. Wakil Bupati — Hasan Achmad Aituarauw 2003 2005 — — 1 2005 2010 1 Drs. Matias Mairuma 2 Drs. Matias Mairuma 2010 2015 2 Burhan...
Một con tắc kè có chân bám chặt chắc chắn trên bề mặt tấm kính trơn nhẵn nhờ lực van der Waals.[1] Lực Van der Waals (væn dɜr wɑlz / ven-đê-oan) là một loại tương tác giữa các phần tử có tiếp xúc với nhau, được đặt tên của nhà vật lý người Hà Lan Johannes Diderik van der Waals, mô tả một loại tương tác phụ thuộc vào khoảng cách giữa các phần tử, công bố đầu tiên vào năm 1873.&#...
Рубенс ді Фалкопорт. Rubens de Falco Народився 19 жовтня 1931(1931-10-19)[1]Сан-Паулу, БразиліяПомер 22 лютого 2008(2008-02-22)[2][1] (76 років)Сан-Паулу, Бразилія[3]інфаркт міокардаПоховання Consolação Cemeteryd[4]Громадянство БразиліяДіяльність актор театру, кіноактор, телеакт...
O monte Sapper (em inglês: Sapper Hill; em espanhol: Cerro Zarpador) está localizado na Malvina Oriental, uma das principais Ilhas Malvinas. Possui metros de altitude e situa-se ao sul da cidade de Port Stanley, perto da estrada que a comunica com a RAF Mount Pleasant. O local está fortemente minado desde a Guerra das Malvinas.[1] Referências ↑ Russell Phillips (2014). Foi Por Pouco: Breve História Da Guerra Das Malvinas. [S.l.]: Babelcube Inc. Este artigo sobre geografia (genér...
آلة غسيل بالضغط العالي. آلة الغسيل بالضغط العالي هو جهاز يستخدم في التغسيل بدفع المياه بضغط عالٍ.[1] اختراع اخترع آلة الضغط العالي في عام 1950 من قبل ألفريد كارشير الذين تعرف على عمال التنظيف بالبخار بالجيش الأميركي خلال احتلال ألمانيا.وقد قام بتحسينها بإضافة الماء الساخن
Cootamundra Shire Local Government Area van Australië Locatie van Cootamundra Shire Council in Nieuw-Zuid-Wales Situering Staat Nieuw-Zuid-Wales Streek South West Slopes Hoofdplaats Cootamundra (Wallendoon Street)[1] Coördinaten 34°39'ZB, 148°2'OL Algemene informatie Oppervlakte 1.524 km² Inwoners 7.623 Politiek Burgemeester Paul Braybrooks Overig Website http://www.cootamundra.local-e.nsw.gov.au/ Portaal Australië Cootamundra Shire Council is een Local Government A...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مارس 2016) الكسندرا سيلبر معلومات شخصية الميلاد 3 يوليو 1983 (العمر 40 سنة)لوس أنجلوس مواطنة الولايات المتحدة الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم المعهد الملكي في اسكتلندا ال
American businessman Oscar Liu-Chien TangTang in 2013Born1938Shanghai, ChinaNationalityChineseCitizenshipChinese-AmericanEducationYale University (BA)Harvard Business School (MBA)Alma materPhilips AcademyOccupation(s)Businessman, investor, philanthropistTitleCo-founded Reich & TangSpouses Frances Young (married 1960–92) Argie Tang (divorced) Agnes Hsu-Tang (m. 2013) ParentTang Ping-yuan (father) Oscar Liu-Chien Tang (Chinese: 唐騮千; pinyin:...
1970–2007 department of the United Kingdom government Department of Trade and IndustryDepartment overviewFormed19 October 1970 (1970-10-19)Preceding agenciesBoard of TradeMinistry of TechnologyDissolved28 June 2007 (2007-06-28)Superseding agenciesDepartment for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory ReformDepartment for Innovation, Universities and SkillsJurisdictionUnited KingdomHeadquartersVictoria Street, LondonMinister responsibleVarious incumbents, Secretary ...
Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname Afkorting AdeKUS Locatie Paramaribo, Suriname Coördinaten 5° 49′ NB, 55° 13′ WL Opgericht 1 november 1968[1] Type openbaar Rector Shanti Venetiaan[2] Studenten 3.500 (2021)[3] Personeel 650[3] Website Detailkaart Portaal Onderwijs De SDG Butterfly Mural op gebouw 6[4] Laan naar het Centrum voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek in Suriname (CELOS) De Universiteit van Suriname werd ingesteld in 19...
Jakh Botera temple on Kakadbhit Hill Jakh Botera, Jakhdada, Jakkha Bautera, 72 Yaksha or Bohter Yaksha, literally seventy-two Yaksha warriors, are group of folk deities worshiped widely in Kutch district of Gujarat, India. Legends Jakh Botera at Kakadbhit Central idols at Kakadbhit The Jakhs said to were shipwrecked on the Kutch coast and came ashore at place, now known as Jakhau. Variously described as tall and fair-complected with an advanced culture, their traditional number is seventy-two...
Shopping mall in Huixquilucan, State of MexicoPaseo InterlomasThe Liverpool Interlomas building at Paseo InterlomasLocationInterlomas edge city, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, (Greater Mexico City)Coordinates19°23′48″N 99°16′54″W / 19.396561°N 99.281563°W / 19.396561; -99.281563AddressVialidad de la Barranca 6, colonia Ex-Hacienda Jesús del MonteOpening date2011No. of stores and services200No. of anchor tenants3Total retail floor area73,965 square metres (...
Ronaldinho Ronaldinho bersama Brasil pada tahun 2006Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Ronaldo de Assis MoreiraTanggal lahir 21 Maret 1980 (umur 43)Tempat lahir Porto Alegre, BrasilTinggi 182 cm (5 ft 11+1⁄2 in)[1]Posisi bermain GelandangKarier junior1987–1998 GrêmioKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1998–2001 Grêmio 52 (21)2001–2003 Paris Saint-Germain 55 (17)2003–2008 Barcelona 145 (70)2008–2010 AC Milan 76 (20)2011–2012 Flamengo 33 (15)2012–201...
American singer For other people named Billy Murray, see Billy Murray (disambiguation). Billy MurrayMurray in May 1911Background informationBirth nameWilliam Thomas MurrayBorn(1877-05-25)May 25, 1877Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United StatesOriginNew York CityDiedAugust 17, 1954(1954-08-17) (aged 77)Jones Beach, New York, United StatesGenresPopOccupation(s)SingerInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1893–1944LabelsEdison, OkeH, many othersMusical artist William Thomas Murray (May 25, 1877 – ...
هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مارس 2016) هذه المق...
Główny artykuł: Letnie Grand Prix w skokach narciarskich 2019. Letnie Grand Prix w skokach narciarskich 2019 – Hinterzarten Wisła Courchevel Data 27 lipca 2019 Gospodarz Hinterzarten Organizator FIS Liczba konkurencji 2 Liczba zawodników 55 Zwycięzcy Konkurs druż. miesz.(27.07.2019) Niemcy Konkurs indywidualny(27.07.2019) Karl Geiger Strona internetowa Drugie zawody w ramach Letniego Grand Prix w skokach narciarskich 2019 odbyły się w 27 lipca w niemieckim Hinterzarten,...
For the nature and wilderness guide, see Wilderness guide. Wilderness Survival Guide AuthorKim MohanGenreRole-playing gamePublisherTSRPublication date1986Media typePrint (Hardcover)Pages128 The Wilderness Survival Guide is a supplement to the Advanced Dungeons and Dragons (AD&D) role-playing game, written by Kim Mohan and published by TSR, Inc. in 1986 (ISBN 088038-291-0). Contents The Wilderness Survival Guide covers adventures in the wilderness, including rules and guidelines ...
Domenico della Rovere Domenico della Rovere (1442 - 22 April 1501) merupakan seorang kardinal Italia dan pelindung kesenian. Biografi Ia lahir di Vinovo, dekat Torino, dan sedarah dengan Paus Siktus IV Ia wafat di Roma pada 1501, dan sekarang dimakamkan di Katedral Torino. Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Domenico della Rovere. Sumber Semeria, Giovanni Battista (1840). Storia della Chiesa Metropolitana di Torino. Turin.
_en_Gerona_o_Girona._Catalu%C3%B1a,_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg)
