Michael Francis Moore (born April 23, 1954) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and author. Moore's work frequently addresses various social, political, and economic topics. He first became publicly known for his award-winning debut documentary Roger & Me, a scathing look at the downfall of the automotive industry in 1980s Flint and Detroit.
Moore was born in Davison, Michigan, a suburb of Flint, where he was raised by parents Veronica (née Wall),[10] and Francis Richard "Frank" Moore, an automotive assembly-line worker.[11][12][13] At that time, the Flint was home to many General Motors factories, where his parents and grandfather worked. His uncle LaVerne was one of the founders of the United Automobile Workers labor union and participated in the Flint sit-down strike.[14]
Moore was brought up in a traditional Catholic home,[15] and has Irish, and smaller amounts of Scottish and English, ancestry.[16][17] Some of his ancestors were Quakers.[17][18]
At the age of 18, he was elected to the Davison school board.[11][25] At the time he was the youngest person elected to office in the U.S., as the minimum age to hold public office had just been lowered to 18.[26] Moore attended the University of Michigan–Flint but dropped out during his second year.[27]
Career
Journalism
At age 22, Moore founded[28] the alternative newspaper Free to Be...,[29] later renamed The Flint Voice (Burton, Michigan 1977–1982[30]), later renamed to The Michigan Voice (Burton, Michigan 1983–1986[31]) as it expanded to cover the entire state.[32][33][34][35]
Singer-songwriter Harry Chapin is credited with being the primary benefactor in bringing about the bi-weekly newspaper's launch, by performing benefit concerts and donating the money to Moore. Moore crept backstage after a concert to Chapin's dressing room and convinced him to do a benefit concert. Chapin subsequently did a concert in Flint every year.[36]
In April 1986, The Michigan Voice published its final issue as Moore moved to San Francisco.[37]
After four months at Mother Jones in 1986, Moore was fired in early September. Matt Labash of The Weekly Standard reported this was for refusing to print an article by Paul Berman that was critical of the Sandinista human rights record in Nicaragua.[38][39] Moore refused to run the article because he believed it was inaccurate
and would be used by the Reagan Administration against the Sandinistas.[39] Speaking on the matter, Moore stated, "The article was flatly wrong and the worst kind of patronizing bullshit. You would scarcely know from it that the United States had been at war with Nicaragua for the last five years."[40] Chairman of the Foundation for National Progress (which owns Mother Jones) Adam Hochschild said that Moore was fired due to performing poorly at his job.[39] According to The New York Times, senior staff members felt that Moore was "rigidly ideological".[39]
Moore has contended that Mother Jones fired him because of the publisher's refusal to allow him to cover a story on the GM plant closings in his hometown of Flint, Michigan. Moore responded by putting laid-off GM worker Ben Hamper, who also wrote for the same magazine at the time, on the magazine's cover. This act led to his termination. Moore sued for wrongful dismissal, and settled out of court for $58,000, providing him with some of the seed money,[41] with other fund raising efforts, including bingo games,[42] for his first film, Roger & Me.[43] Moore worked for Ralph Nader as the editor of a newsletter after being fired by Mother Jones, which provided further financial support during this period.[44]
Directing, producing and screenwriting
Roger and Me
The 1989 film Roger & Me was Moore's first documentary about what happened to Flint, Michigan, after General Motors closed its factories and opened new ones in Mexico where the workers were paid lower wages than their American counterparts. The "Roger" referred to in the title is Roger B. Smith, then CEO and President of General Motors.
Harlan Jacobson, editor of Film Comment magazine, said that Moore muddled the chronology in Roger & Me to make it seem that events that took place before G.M.'s layoffs were a consequence of them.[45] Critic Roger Ebert defended Moore's handling of the timeline as an artistic and stylistic choice that had less to do with his credibility as a filmmaker and more to do with the flexibility of film as a medium to express a satiric viewpoint.[46]
Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint
Moore made a follow-up 23-minute documentary film, Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint, that aired on PBS in 1992. It is based on Roger & Me. The film's title refers to Rhonda Britton, a Flint, Michigan resident featured in both the 1989 and 1992 films, who sells rabbits as either pets or meat.[47]
Canadian Bacon
Moore's 1995 satirical film Canadian Bacon features a fictional U.S. president (played by Alan Alda) engineering a fake war with Canada to boost his popularity.[48] The film is also one of the last featuring Canadian actor John Candy.[48] Some commentators in the media felt the film was influenced by the Stanley Kubrick film Dr. Strangelove.[48]
Shortly after winning the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for Bowling for Columbine, Moore spoke out against U.S. President George W. Bush and the Iraq War, which had just started three days prior. He further criticized the president by stating, "We live in a time where we have fictitious election results that elects a fictitious president. We live in a time where we have a man sending us to war for fictitious reasons."[55] The speech was received with a cacophony of boos, applause, and standing ovations from the audience at the theater.[56] Moments after the speech concluded, to lighten the mood, host Steve Martin joked, "The Teamsters are helping Michael Moore into the trunk of his limo."[57]
Moore later announced that Fahrenheit 9/11 would not be in consideration for the 2005 Academy Award for Documentary Feature, but instead for the Academy Award for Best Picture. He stated he wanted the movie to be seen by a few million more people via television broadcasting prior to Election Day. According to Moore, "Academy rules forbid the airing of a documentary on television within nine months of its theatrical release", and since the November 2 election was fewer than nine months after the film's release, Fahrenheit 9/11 would have been disqualified for the Documentary Oscar.[59] Regardless, it did not receive an Oscar nomination for Best Picture.
The title of the film alludes to the classic book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, about a future totalitarian state in which books are banned, and any books found are burned by firemen. According to the novel, paper begins to burn at 451 °F (233 °C). The pre-release subtitle of Moore's film continues the allusion: "The temperature at which freedom burns."[citation needed]
As of August 2012, Fahrenheit 9/11 is the highest-grossing documentary of all time, taking in over US$200 million worldwide, including United States box office revenue of almost US$120 million.[1] In February 2011, Moore sued producers Bob and Harvey Weinstein for US$2.7 million in unpaid profits from the film, claiming they used "Hollywood accounting tricks" to avoid paying him the money.[60] In February 2012, Moore and the Weinsteins informed the court that they had settled their dispute.[61]
Fahrenheit 9/11 drew criticism and controversy following its release just prior to the 2004 United States presidential election. Journalist and literary critic Christopher Hitchens alleged that the film contained distortions and untruths.[62] This contention drew multiple rebuttals, including an eFilmCritic article and an editorial in the Columbus Free Press.[63]
Moore directed the 2007 film Sicko, about the American health care system, focusing particularly on the managed-care and pharmaceutical industries. At least four major pharmaceutical companies—Pfizer, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, and GlaxoSmithKline—ordered their employees not to grant any interviews or assist Moore.[64][65][66] According to Moore in a letter on his website, "roads that often surprise us and lead us to new ideas—and challenge us to reconsider the ones we began with have caused some minor delays." The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 19, 2007, receiving a lengthy standing ovation, and was released in the U.S. and Canada on June 29, 2007.[67] The film is currently ranked the twelfth highest grossing documentary of all time[1] and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature.[68]
Captain Mike Across America and Slacker Uprising
Moore takes a look at the politics of college students in what he calls "Bush Administration America" with Captain Mike Across America, which was shot during Moore's 62-city college campus tour in the months leading up to the 2004 presidential election.[69][70] The film debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2007.[71] It was later re-edited by Moore into Slacker Uprising and released for free on the internet on September 23, 2008.[72]
Capitalism: A Love Story
Released on September 23, 2009, Capitalism: A Love Story looks at the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the U.S. economy during the transition between the outgoing Bush Administration and the incoming Obama Administration. Addressing a press conference at its release, Moore said, "Democracy is not a spectator sport, it's a participatory event. If we don't participate in it, it ceases to be a democracy. So Obama will rise or fall based not so much on what he does but on what we do to support him."[73]
Where to Invade Next
Where to Invade Next examines the benefits of progressive social policies in various countries. The film had its premiere at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival.[74]Godfrey Cheshire, writing for Roger Ebert.com, wrote that "Moore's surprising and extraordinarily winning Where to Invade Next will almost surely cast his detractors at Fox News and similar sinkholes into consternation".[75]
Michael Moore in TrumpLand
In Michael Moore in TrumpLand, Moore talks about the 2016 Presidential Election Campaigns. It is a solo performance showing Moore on stage speaking to a seated audience. The film consists of Moore's opinions of the candidates and highlights the Democratic National Candidate Hillary Clinton's strengths and also features a lengthy section on how the Republican National Candidate Donald Trump could win.[76] It was filmed in Wilmington, Ohio, at the Murphy Theatre over the course of two nights in October 2016.[77][76] The film premiered just eleven days after it was shot at the IFC Center in New York City.[78]
Fahrenheit 11/9
In May 2017, it was announced that Moore had reunited with Harvey Weinstein to direct his new film about Donald Trump, titled Fahrenheit 11/9, which was released in approximately 1,500 theaters in the United States and Canada on September 21, 2018.[79][80][81] Sexual assault allegations against Weinstein prompted Moore to revoke the plan to work with The Weinstein Company, which stalled production.[82][83]
The title refers to the day when Donald Trump officially became President-elect of the United States. In a column for Variety responding to the film's low opening weekend, "How Michael Moore Lost His Audience," sympathetic film critic Owen Gleiberman wrote "He's like an aging rock star putting out albums that simply don't mean as much to those who were, and are, his core fans".[84][85] According to Glenn Greenwald, "what he's trying is of unparalleled importance, not to take the cheap route of exclusively denouncing Trump, but to take the more complicated, challenging, and productive route of understanding who and what created the climate in which Trump could thrive."[86]
Michael Moore was executive producer of the documentary Planet of the Humans, which was directed by Jeff Gibbs and released on July 31, 2019. The film makes the argument that, since the first Earth Day, the condition of the planet has worsened, and questions whether mainstream approaches adopted by industry to mitigate climate change, entail environmental impacts whose costs are comparable to or even possibly outweigh the benefits. The film received criticism from a number of climate change experts and activists who disputed its claims, and the accuracy of figures cited in the film, and suggested that the film could play into the hands of the fossil fuel industry.[87][88]
Michael Moore, Jeff Gibbs, and co-producer Ozzie Zehner responded to the critics on an episode of Rising.[89][90]
Writing
Moore at Royce Hall, UCLA to promote his memoir Here Comes Trouble, September 2011
Moore has written and co-written eight non-fiction books, mostly on similar subject matter to his documentaries. Stupid White Men (2001) is ostensibly a critique of American domestic and foreign policy but, by Moore's own admission, is also "a book of political humor".[91]Dude, Where's My Country? (2003), is an examination of the Bush family's relationships with Saudi royalty, the Bin Laden family, and the energy industry, and a call-to-action for liberals in the 2004 election.[citation needed] Several of his works have made bestseller lists.[92]
Acting
Moore has dabbled in acting, following a supporting role in Lucky Numbers (2000) playing the cousin of Lisa Kudrow's character, who agrees to be part of the scheme concocted by John Travolta's character. He also had a cameo in his Canadian Bacon as an anti-Canada activist. In 1999, he did a cameo in EDtv as one of the panel members. In 2004, he did a cameo, as a news journalist, in The Fever, starring Vanessa Redgrave in the lead.[93]
Television
Between 1994 and 1995, Moore directed and hosted the BBC television series TV Nation, which followed the format of news magazine shows but covered topics they avoid. The series aired on BBC2 in the UK. The series was also aired in the US on NBC in 1994 for 9 episodes and again for 8 episodes on Fox in 1995.[citation needed]
His other major series was The Awful Truth, which satirized actions by big corporations and politicians. It aired on the UK's Channel 4, and the Bravo network in the US, in 1999 and 2000. Moore won the Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award in Arts and Entertainment for being the executive producer and host of The Awful Truth, where he was also described as "muckraker, author and documentary filmmaker".[94]
Another 1999 series, Michael Moore Live, was aired in the UK only on Channel 4, though it was broadcast from New York. This show had a similar format to The Awful Truth, but also incorporated phone-ins and a live stunt each week.[citation needed]
In 2017, Moore planned to return to prime time network television on Turner/TNT in late 2017 or early 2018 with a program called "Michael Moore Live from the Apocalypse".[95][96][non-primary source needed][81] In February 2019, however, the network announced the show would not be produced.[97][98]
Music videos
Moore has directed several music videos, including two for Rage Against the Machine for songs from The Battle of Los Angeles: "Sleep Now in the Fire" and "Testify". He was threatened with arrest during the shooting of "Sleep Now in the Fire", which was filmed on Wall Street; and subsequently the city of New York City denied the band permission to play there, even though the band and Moore had secured a federal permit to perform.[99]
He appeared in The Drugging of Our Children, a 2005 documentary about over-prescription of psychiatric medication to children and teenagers, directed by Gary Null, a proponent of alternative medicine. In the film Moore agrees with Gary Null that Ritalin and other similar drugs are over-prescribed, saying that they are seen as a "pacifier".
Moore appeared in the 2001 documovie The Party's Over discussing Democrats and Republicans.[103]
He appeared in The Yes Men, a 2003 documentary about two men who pose as the World Trade Organization. He appears during a segment concerning working conditions in Mexico and Latin America.[citation needed]
Moore was interviewed for the 2004 documentary, The Corporation. One of his highlighted quotes was: "The problem is the profit motive: for corporations, there's no such thing as enough."[104]
Moore's Broadway debut, The Terms of My Surrender, an anti-Trump dramatic monologue, premiered on August 10, 2017, at the Belasco Theatre.[106] Donald Trump tweeted his dislike for the show and falsely claimed that it closed early.[107] In the first week the production earned $456,195 in sales and $367,634 in the final week, altogether grossing $4.2 million, falling short of its potential gross.[108] It lasted 13 weeks with 96 performances until October 2017, grossing 49% of its potential.[109] Fox News gave it a negative review, in line with Trump's comments.[110] The show was unenthusiastically praised by The Guardian, which said he only wanted to "preach to the choir".[111] A spokesman for "The Terms of My Surrender" suggested that the production might have a in San Francisco in early 2018, which didn't materialize.[112]
Although Moore has been known for his political activism,[116] he rejects the label as redundant in a democracy: "I and you and everyone else has to be a political activist. If we're not politically active, it ceases to be a democracy."[117] According to John Flesher of the Associated Press, Moore is known for his "fiery left-wing populism",[118] and publications such as the Socialist Worker Online have hailed him as the "new Tom Paine".[119] In a speech, he said that socialism is democracy and Christianity. However, he later said that economic philosophies from the past were not apt enough to describe today's realities.[120]
During September and October 2004, Moore spoke at universities and colleges in swing states during his "Slacker Uprising Tour". The tour gave away ramen and underwear to students who promised to vote.[122][123] One stop during the tour was Utah Valley State College. A fight for his right to speak resulted in massive public debates and a media blitz, eventually resulting in a lawsuit against the college and the resignation of at least one member of the college's student government.[124][125] The Utah event was chronicled in the documentary film This Divided State.[125]
Moore urged Ralph Nader not to run in 2004 so as not to split the left vote. On Real Time with Bill Maher, Moore and Bill Maher knelt before Nader to plead with him to stay out of the race.[126]
Moore drew attention in 2004 when he used the term "deserter" to describe then president George W. Bush while introducing Retired Army Gen. Wesley K. Clark at a Democratic presidential debate in New Hampshire. Noting that Clark had been a champion debater at West Point, Moore told a laughing crowd, "I know what you're thinking. I want to see that debate" between Clark and Bush – "the general versus the deserter". Moore said he was referring to published reports in several media outlets including The Boston Globe which had reported that "there is strong evidence that Bush performed no military service as required when he moved from Houston to Alabama to work on a U.S. Senate campaign from May to November 1972."[127][128][129]
In 2007, Moore became a contributing journalist at OpEdNews, and by May 2014, had authored over 70 articles published on their website.[130] Moore was an active supporter of the Occupy Wall Street protest in New York City and spoke with the OWS protesters on September 26, 2011.[131] On October 29, 2011, he spoke at the Occupy Oakland protest site to express his support.[132]
Moore praised Django Unchained, tweeting that the movie "is one of the best film satires ever. A rare American movie on slavery and the origins of our sick racist history."[133]
Moore at the anti-Trump rally in New York City, November 12, 2016
Moore's 2011 claims that "Four hundred obscenely wealthy individuals, 400 little Mubaraks – most of whom benefited in some way from the multi-trillion-dollar taxpayer bailout of 2008 – now have more cash, stock and property than the assets of 155 million Americans combined" and that these 400 Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined" was found to be true by PolitiFact and others.[134][135][136][137]
After Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez died in March 2013, Moore praised him for "eliminating 75 percent of extreme poverty" while "[providing] free health and education for all".[138]
2000 presidential election
Moore supported Ralph Nader in the 2000 presidential election.[139] Moore was critical of Al Gore and George W. Bush. Moore criticizes Gore for the loss of thousands of jobs during his time as vice president, voting to confirm Antonin Scalia, proposing more funding for the Pentagon, and proposing to expand the War on Drugs.[140] Moore reportedly told Bush "Your possible victory on Tuesday is a threat to our national security". Moore also called Bush "a banal, despicable, and corrupt human being".[140]
Criticism of Obamacare and support for a single-payer model
In an op-ed piece for The New York Times published on December 31, 2013, Moore assessed the Affordable Care Act, calling it "awful" and adding that "Obamacare's rocky start ... is a result of one fatal flaw: The Affordable Care Act is a pro-insurance-industry plan implemented by a president who knew in his heart that a single-payer, Medicare-for-all model was the true way to go." Despite his strong critique, however, Moore wrote that he still considers the plan a "godsend" because it provides a start "to get what we deserve: universal quality health care."[144][145]
2016 Presidential election
Support for Bernie Sanders
In December 2015, Moore announced his support for Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in the 2016 United States presidential election.[146] Moore called Sanders a "force to contend with".[147] In January 2016, he officially endorsed Bernie Sanders for president.[148] He also described democratic socialism as "a true democracy where everyone has a seat at the table, everyone has a voice, not just the rich".[149] After Sanders lost the 2016 primaries, Moore urged Americans to vote for Clinton[150][151] while also correctly predicting that Trump would win the election because the post-industrial Midwestern states would vote for Trump.[152] After Trump was elected, Moore called Trump a "Russian traitor",[153] saying his presidency had "no legitimacy".[154]
Other developments
In October 2016, Moore criticized Julian Assange and WikiLeaks for publishing leaks from the DNC's emails, saying: "I think WikiLeaks and I think Assange, they're essentially anarchists and they know, just like a lot of people voting for Trump know, that he's their human Molotov cocktail and they want to blow up the system. It's an anarchic move."[155]
In November 2016, right after Donald Trump was elected President of the United States, and inspired by Bertram Gross's 1980 book, Friendly Fascism, Moore reportedly stated: "The next wave of fascists will not come with cattle cars and concentration camps, but they'll come with a smiley face and maybe a TV show ... That's how the 21st-century fascists will essentially take over."[156] On November 12, 2016, Moore participated in a NYC anti-Trump rally which was later (in 2018) alleged to have been organized by Russians who were indicted by Robert Mueller for meddling in the 2016 election.
Donald Trump
Trumpileaks
Moore expresses his political views in 2017 – video from MSNBC.
In March 2018, Moore criticized the "corporate media", saying "You turn on the TV, and it's 'Russia, Russia, Russia!' These are all shiny keys to distract us. We should know about the West Virginia strike. What an inspiration that would be. But they don't show this".[162]
Calls for Trump's impeachment
In April 2018, Moore taunted Trump by ironically asking him why he had not already fired Robert Mueller.[163] After the Russia–United States summit of July 2018, Moore called for Trump's impeachment, saying "Congress needs no more proof than Trump's admission yesterday that he sides with Putin to impeach and remove him."[164]
Moore compared Trump to Nazi Germany's dictator Adolf Hitler.[165] On August 10, 2019, Moore tweeted: "I guess they think a country dumb enough to elect Trump is stupid enough to believe Jeffrey Epstein committed suicide."[166][167]
Moore met Kathleen Glynn[169] at the Flint Voice, and they married on October 19, 1991.[170] He filed for divorce on June 17, 2013.[171] On July 22, 2014, the divorce was finalized.[172]
Moore was raised a Catholic, but has differed with some of the traditional church teaching on subjects such as abortion[173] and same-sex marriage.[174] In an interview with The A.V. Club, when asked if there was a God, he stated, "Yes, there is. I don't know how you define that, but yeah."[175]
Following the Columbine High School massacre, Moore acquired a lifetime membership to the National Rifle Association of America (NRA).[176] Moore said that he initially intended to become the NRA's president to dismantle the organization, but he soon dismissed the plan as too difficult.[177][178] Gun rights supporters such as Dave Kopel said there was no chance of that happening;[179] David T. Hardy and Jason Clarke wrote that Moore failed to discover that the NRA selects a president not by membership vote but by a vote of the board of directors.[180]
Christopher Hitchens, a fervent supporter of the Iraq War, described the film Fahrenheit 9/11 as "utterly propagandistic".[7][183] In an article titled "The lies of Michael Moore" Hitchens rebuked Moore and his film for its contradictions and promotion of falsehoods. He also criticized Moore for his belief that Osama bin Laden should be considered innocent until proven guilty despite having taken credit for the September 11 attacks.[184] Former Democratic mayor of New York City Ed Koch, who had endorsed Bush for re-election, wrote an op-ed in which he described Moore's film as propaganda. Koch further maintained that Fahrenheit 9/11 was replete with "blatant lies".[185]
In 2003, The Wall Street Journal said that Bowling for Columbine was "filled with so many inaccuracies and distortions that it ought to be classed as a work of fiction."[186] The Boston Review said the film contained "deliberate falsehoods", highlighting an interview in which Moore selectively edited and rearranged an interview with NRA president Charlton Heston to "create the stupid, callous white guy he attacks."[186]
In 2009, Moore faced criticism for using non-union workers to produce his film Capitalism: A Love Story.[187] After his 2014 divorce, Moore was reported to have nine homes and a net worth of $50 million. Aaron Foley, writing in Jalopnik, accused Moore of hypocrisy due to his anti-capitalist views.[188]
In a review of Fahrenheit 11/9, a film critiquing Donald Trump, John Anderson wrote "Almost the entire movie is lifted from other sources, and then edited in a way that makes his enemies (do they know they're his enemies?) look as foolish as possible. ... Mr. Moore can't help himself, he uses footage of Adolf Hitler lip-syncing a Trump speech. Much has been made of Mr. Trump's questionable maturity. He has a kindred spirit in Michael Moore".[189]
Conservative author Douglas Murray criticized Moore for stating that "Every problem in the world, look at it and behind it you've got white men". In response to his comments Murray said "Michael Moore is one of those who doesn't realize that other people have agency and can muck up the world and their own countries in their own ways, and he's obviously never heard of numerous countries, including North Korea".[190]
^Fonger, Ron (February 28, 2019). "Michael Moore's ancestor was a Scottish slave killed by American Indians". MLive. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020. "On Moore's late mother's side of the family, Gates showed records indicating Moore's third great grandparents were Quakers, living in North Carolina. His third great grandfather was brought before a court martial in 1812 after refusing to serve in a militia.
"That is amazing and such a good feeling too," Moore said. "Quakers are pacifists ... among the kindest and most loving people you will ever meet."
^"Alumni News - St. John's Elementary School". davisonschools.org. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023. The Class of 1968 is planning a 55-year reunion for September 30, 2023, at St. John's Parish Hall, Davison.
^Pond, Steve (2005). The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards. New York: Faber and Faber, Inc. p. 345. ISBN9780571211937.
^Green Left Weekly:Archived March 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Rage against Wall Street. Michael Moore, via MichaelMoore.com, date unspecified. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
^"'I am the balance', says Moore". Minneapolis Star Tribune. South Florida Sun-Sentinel. July 4, 2007. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2007. Moore rejects the label "political activist"; as a citizen of a democracy, Moore insists, such a description is redundant.
^Flesher, John (June 16, 2007). "Hollywood meets Bellaire as Moore gives sneak peek of "Sicko"". Associated Press. But the filmmaker, known for his fiery left-wing populism and polemical films such as "Fahrenheit 9/11" and Oscar-winning "Bowling for Columbine", told the audience "Sicko" would appeal across the political spectrum.
^Michael Moore (October 18, 2019). "Michael Moore on Twitter". Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019 – via Twitter.
^Collins, Andrew (November 11, 2002). "Guardian/NFT interview: Michael Moore". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2011. ...I became a lifetime member after the Columbine massacre because my first thought after Columbine was to run against Charlton Heston for the presidency of the NRA. You have to be a lifetime member to be able to do that, so I had to pay $750 to join. My plan was to get 5 m Americans to join for the lowest basic membership and vote for me so that I'd win and dismantle the organization. Unfortunately, I figured that's just too much work for me so instead I made this movie.
Benson, Thomas W., and Snee, Brian J. (eds.): Michael Moore and the Rhetoric of Documentary. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2015. ISBN978-0-8093-3407-0.
Little, John Arthur (2007). The Power and Potential of Performative Documentary Film(PDF). Montana State University--Bozeman. A thesis essay submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts in Science and Natural History Filmmaking
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