Clarence Darrow

Clarence Darrow
Darrow in 1922
Member of the Illinois House of Representatives from the 17th district
In office 1903–1905
Preceded by	Albert Glade
Succeeded by	Edward W. Gillispie
Personal details
Born	Clarence Seward Darrow (1857-04-18)April 18, 1857 Farmdale, Ohio, U.S.
Died	March 13, 1938(1938-03-13) (aged 80) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Political party	Independent
Other political affiliations	Public Ownership (1903–1905)
Spouses	Jessie Ohl ​ ​ (m. 1880; div. 1897)​ Ruby Hammerstrom ​ (m. 1903)​
Children	1
Relatives	J. Howard Moore (brother-in-law) Karl K. Darrow (nephew)
Alma mater	Allegheny College University of Michigan
Occupation	Lawyer
Signature

Clarence Seward Darrow (/ˈdæroʊ/; April 18, 1857 – March 13, 1938) was an American lawyer who became famous in the 19th century for high profile representations of trade union causes, and in the 20th century for several criminal matters, including the Leopold and Loeb murder trial, the Scopes "monkey" trial, and the Ossian Sweet defense. He was a leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union and a prominent advocate for Georgist economic reform. Darrow was also well known as a public speaker, debater, and writer.^[1]

Darrow is considered by some legal analysts and lawyers to be the greatest lawyer of the 20th century.^[2][3][4] He was posthumously inducted into the Trial Lawyer Hall of Fame.^[5] Called a "sophisticated country lawyer",^[6] Darrow's wit and eloquence made him one of the most prominent attorneys and civil libertarians in the nation.^[7]

Early life

Clarence Darrow was born in the small town of Farmdale, Ohio, on April 18, 1857,^[8] the fifth son of Amirus and Emily Darrow (née Eddy), but grew up in nearby Kinsman, Ohio. Both the Darrow and Eddy families had deep roots in colonial New England, and several of Darrow's ancestors served in the American Revolution. Darrow's father was an ardent abolitionist and a proud iconoclast and religious freethinker. He was known throughout the town as the "village infidel".^[9] Emily Darrow was an early supporter of female suffrage and a women's rights advocate.

The young Clarence attended Allegheny College and the University of Michigan Law School, but did not graduate from either institution. He attended Allegheny College for only one year before the Panic of 1873 struck, and Darrow was determined not to be a financial burden to his father any longer. Over the next three years he taught in the winter at the district school in a country community.

While teaching, Darrow started to study the law on his own, and by the end of his third year of teaching, his family urged him to enter the law department at Ann Arbor. Darrow studied there for only a year when he decided that it would be much more cost-effective to read law in an actual law office. When he felt that he was ready, he took the Ohio bar exam and passed.^[10] He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1878. The Clarence Darrow Octagon House, his childhood home in Kinsman, contains a memorial to him.

Marriages and child

Darrow married Jessie Ohl in April 1880. They had one child, Paul Edward Darrow, in 1883. They were divorced in 1897. Darrow married Ruby Hammerstrom, a journalist 16 years his junior, in 1903. They had no children.^{[citation needed]}

Legal career

Following graduation from the University of Michigan Law School, in late 1879 Darrow moved to the small village of Harvard, Illinois, with his classmate L.H. Stafford, who was from Harvard.^[11] It is in the McHenry County Courthouse that Darrow successfully tried one of his first cases^[12] in January 1880. Soon after Darrow decided to return to Ohio and opened a law office in Andover, Ohio, a small farming town just ten miles from Kinsman. Having little experience, he started off slowly and gradually building up his career by dealing with the everyday complaints and problems of a farming community. After two years Darrow felt he was ready to take on new and different cases and moved his practice to Ashtabula, Ohio, which had a population of 5,000 people and was the largest city in the county.^[10] There he became involved in Democratic Party politics and served as the town counsel.

In 1880, he married Jessie Ohl, and eight years later he moved to Chicago with his wife and young son, Paul. He did not have much business when he first moved to Chicago, and spent as little as possible. He joined the Henry George Club and made some friends and connections in the city. Being part of the club also gave him an opportunity to speak for the Democratic Party on the upcoming election. He slowly made a name for himself through these speeches, eventually earning the standing to speak in whatever hall he liked. He was offered work as an attorney for the city of Chicago. Darrow worked in the city law department for two years when he resigned and took a position as a lawyer at the Chicago and North-Western Railway Company^[10]in 1891.^[13] In 1894, Darrow represented Eugene V. Debs, the leader of the American Railway Union, who was prosecuted by the federal government for leading the Pullman Strike of 1894. Darrow severed his ties with the railroad to represent Debs, making a financial sacrifice. He saved Debs in one trial but could not keep him from being jailed in another.

Also in 1894, Darrow took on the first murder case of his career, defending Patrick Eugene Prendergast, the "mentally deranged drifter" who had confessed to murdering Chicago mayor Carter Harrison, Sr.^[14] Darrow's insanity defense of Prendergast failed and he was executed. Among fifty defenses in murder cases in Darrow's career, the Prendergast case was the only one that resulted in an execution, though Darrow did not join the defense team until after Prendergast's conviction, in an effort to spare him the noose.^[14]

From corporate lawyer to labor lawyer

Darrow soon became one of America's leading labor attorneys. He helped organize the Populist Party in Illinois and then ran for U.S. Congress as a Democrat in 1895 but lost to Hugh R. Belknap. In 1897, his marriage to Jessie Ohl ended in divorce. He joined the Anti-Imperialist League in 1898 in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. He represented the woodworkers of Wisconsin in a notable case in Oshkosh in 1898 and the United Mine Workers in Pennsylvania in the great anthracite coal strike of 1902. He flirted with the idea of running for mayor of Chicago in 1903 but ultimately decided against it. The following year, in July, Darrow married Ruby Hammerstrom, a young Chicago journalist.^[15] His former mentor, Governor John Peter Altgeld, joined Darrow's firm following his Chicago mayoral electoral defeat in 1899 and worked with Darrow until his death in 1902.^[16] From 1903 to 1911, Darrow was partners in the firm of Darrow, Masters and Wilson with Edgar Lee Masters, who later became a famous poet, and Francis S. Wilson, who later served as Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court.^[17][16]

Clarence Darrow in 1902^[18]

From 1906 to 1908, Darrow represented the Western Federation of Miners leaders William "Big Bill" Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George Pettibone when they were arrested and charged with conspiring to murder former Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg in 1905. Haywood and Pettibone were acquitted in separate trials, and the charges against Moyer were then dropped.^{[citation needed]}

In 1911, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) called on Darrow to defend the McNamara brothers, John and James, who were charged in the Los Angeles Times bombing on October 1, 1910, during the bitter struggle over the open shop in Southern California. The bomb had been placed in an alley behind the building, and although the explosion itself did not bring the building down, it ignited nearby ink barrels and natural gas main lines. In the ensuing fire, 20 people were killed. The AFL appealed to local, state, regional and national unions to donate 25 cents per capita to the defense fund, and set up defense committees in larger cities throughout the nation to accept donations.^{[citation needed]}

In the weeks before the jury was seated, Darrow became increasingly concerned about the outcome of the trial and began negotiations for a plea bargain to spare the defendants' lives. During the weekend of November 19–20, 1911, he discussed with pro-labor journalist Lincoln Steffens and newspaper publisher E.W. Scripps the possibility of reaching out to the Times about the terms of a plea agreement. The prosecution had demands of its own, however, including an admission of guilt in open court and longer sentences than the defense proposed.^[19][20]

The defense's position weakened when, on November 28, Darrow was accused of orchestrating to bribe a prospective juror. The juror reported the offer to police, who set up a sting and observed the defense team's chief investigator, Bert Franklin, delivering $4,000 to the juror two blocks away from Darrow's office. After making payment, Franklin walked one block in the direction of Darrow's office before being arrested right in front of Darrow himself, who had just walked to that very intersection after receiving a phone call in his office. With Darrow himself on the verge of being discredited, the defense's hope for a simple plea agreement ended.^[21][22] On December 1, 1911, the McNamara brothers changed their pleas to guilty, in open court. The plea bargain Darrow helped arrange earned John fifteen years and James life imprisonment. Despite sparing the brothers the death penalty, Darrow was accused by many in organized labor of selling the movement out.^{[citation needed]}

From defense lawyer to defendant

Two months later, Darrow was charged with two counts of attempting to bribe jurors in both cases. He faced two lengthy trials. In the first, defended by Earl Rogers, he was acquitted. Rogers became ill during the second trial and rarely came to court.^[23] Darrow served as his own attorney for the remainder of the trial, which ended with a hung jury. A deal was struck in which the district attorney agreed not to retry Darrow if he promised not to practice law again in California.^[24] Darrow's early biographers, Irving Stone and Arthur and Lila Weinberg, asserted that he was not involved in the bribery conspiracy, but more recently, Geoffrey Cowan and John A. Farrell, with the help of new evidence, concluded that he almost certainly was.^[21][25] In the biography of Earl Rogers by his daughter Adela, she wrote: "I never had any doubts, even before one of my father's private conversations with Darrow included an admission of guilt to his lawyer."^[26]

From labor lawyer to criminal lawyer

Darrow in 1913

As a consequence of the bribery charges, most labor unions dropped Darrow from their list of preferred attorneys. This effectively put Darrow out of business as a labor lawyer, and he switched to civil and criminal cases. He took the latter because he had become convinced that the criminal justice system could ruin people's lives if they were not adequately represented.^[27]

Throughout his career, Darrow devoted himself to opposing the death penalty, which he felt to be in conflict with humanitarian progress. In more than 100 cases, only one of Darrow's clients was executed. He became renowned for moving juries and even judges to tears with his eloquence. Darrow had a keen intellect often hidden by his rumpled, unassuming appearance.^{[citation needed]}

A July 23, 1915, article in the Chicago Tribune describes Darrow's effort on behalf of J.H. Fox, an Evanston, Illinois, landlord, to have Mary S. Brazelton committed to an insane asylum against the wishes of her family. Fox alleged that Brazelton owed him rent money, although other residents of Fox's boarding house testified to her sanity.^{[citation needed]}

National renown

Leopold and Loeb

In the summer of 1924, Darrow took on the case of Nathan Leopold Jr. and Richard Loeb, the teenage sons of two wealthy Chicago families who were accused of kidnapping and killing Bobby Franks, a 14-year-old boy, from their stylish southside Kenwood neighborhood. Leopold was a law student at the University of Chicago about to transfer to Harvard Law School, and Loeb was the youngest graduate ever from the University of Michigan; they were 19 and 18, respectively, when they were arrested.^[10] When asked why they committed the crime, Leopold told his captors: "The thing that prompted Dick to want to do this thing and prompted me to want to do this thing was a sort of pure love of excitement ... the imaginary love of thrills, doing something different ... the satisfaction and the ego of putting something over."

Chicago newspapers labeled the case the "Trial of the Century"^[28] and Americans around the country wondered what could drive the two young men, blessed with everything their society could offer, to commit such a depraved act. The killers had been arrested after a passing workman spotted the victim's body in an isolated nature preserve near the Indiana border just half a day after it was hidden, before they could collect a $10,000 ransom. Nearby were Leopold's eyeglasses with their distinctive, traceable frames, which he had dropped at the scene.

Leopold and Loeb made full confessions and took police on a hunt around Chicago to collect the evidence that would be used against them. The state's attorney told the press that he had a "hanging case" for sure. Darrow stunned the prosecution when he had his clients plead guilty in order to avoid a vengeance-minded jury and place the case before a judge. The trial, then, was actually a long sentencing hearing in which Darrow contended, with the help of expert testimony, that Leopold and Loeb were mentally diseased.

Darrow's closing argument lasted 12 hours. He repeatedly stressed the ages of the "boys" (before the Vietnam War, the age of majority was 21) and noted that "never had there been a case in Chicago where on a plea of guilty a boy under 21 had been sentenced to death." His plea was designed to soften the heart of Judge John Caverly, but also to mold public opinion, so that Caverly could follow precedent without too huge an uproar. Darrow succeeded. Caverly sentenced Leopold and Loeb to life in prison plus 99 years. Darrow's closing argument was published in several editions in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and was reissued at the time of his death.^[27]

The Leopold and Loeb case raised, in a well-publicized trial, Darrow's lifelong contention that psychological, physical, and environmental influences—not a conscious choice between right and wrong—control human behavior. Darrow's psychiatric expert witnesses testified that both boys "were decidedly deficient in emotion". Darrow later argued that emotion is necessary for the decisions that people make. When someone tries to go against a certain law or custom that is forbidden, he wrote, he should feel a sense of revulsion. As neither Leopold nor Loeb had a working emotional system, they did not feel revolted.^[10]

During the trial, the newspapers claimed that Darrow was presenting a "million dollar defense" for the two wealthy families. Many ordinary Americans were angered at his apparent greed. He had the families issue a statement insisting that there would be no large legal fees and that his fees would be determined by a committee composed of officers from the Chicago Bar Association. After trial, Darrow suggested $200,000 would be reasonable. After lengthy negotiations with the defendants' families, he ended up getting some $70,000 in gross fees, which, after expenses and taxes, netted Darrow $30,000, worth over $375,000 in 2016.^[29]

Scopes Trial

Clarence Darrow c. 1925

In 1925, Darrow defended John T. Scopes in the State of Tennessee v. Scopes trial. It has often been called the "Scopes Monkey Trial," a title popularized by author and journalist H.L. Mencken. The trial, which was deliberately staged to bring publicity to the issue at hand, pitted Darrow against William Jennings Bryan in a court case that tested Tennessee's Butler Act, which had been passed on March 21, 1925. The act forbade the teaching of "the Evolution Theory" in any state-funded educational establishment. More broadly, it outlawed in state-funded schools (including universities) the teaching of "any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals."^[30]

During the trial, Darrow requested that Bryan be called to the stand as an expert witness on the Bible. Over the other prosecutor's objection, Bryan agreed. Popular media^{[citation needed]} at the time portrayed the following exchange as the deciding factor that turned public opinion against Bryan in the trial:

Darrow: "You have given considerable study to the Bible, haven't you, Mr. Bryan?"

Bryan: "Yes, sir; I have tried to.... But, of course, I have studied it more as I have become older than when I was a boy."

Darrow: "Do you claim then that everything in the Bible should be literally interpreted?"

Bryan: "I believe that everything in the Bible should be accepted as it is given there; some of the Bible is given illustratively. For instance: 'Ye are the salt of the earth.' I would not insist that man was actually salt, or that he had flesh of salt, but it is used in the sense of salt as saving God's people."

After about two hours, Judge John T. Raulston cut the questioning short and on the following morning ordered that the whole session (which in any case the jury had not witnessed) be expunged from the record, ruling that the testimony had no bearing on whether Scopes was guilty of teaching evolution. Scopes was found guilty and ordered to pay the minimum fine of $100.^[31]

A year later, the Tennessee Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Dayton court on a procedural technicality—not on constitutional grounds, as Darrow had hoped. According to the court, the fine should have been set by the jury, not Raulston. Rather than send the case back for further action, however, the Tennessee Supreme Court dismissed the case. The court commented, "Nothing is to be gained by prolonging the life of this bizarre case."^[32]

The event led to a change in public sentiment and an increased discourse on the creation claims of religious teachers versus those of secular scientists — i.e., creationism compared to evolutionism — that still exists. It also became popularized in a play based loosely on the trial, Inherit the Wind, which has been adapted several times on film and television.^[33][34][35]

Ossian Sweet

On September 9, 1925, a white mob in Detroit attempted to drive a black family out of the home they had purchased in a white neighborhood. During the struggle, a white man was killed, and the eleven black men in the house were later arrested and charged with murder. Ossian Sweet, a doctor, and three members of his family were brought to trial, and after an initial deadlock, Darrow argued to the all-white jury: "I insist that there is nothing but prejudice in this case; that if it was reversed and eleven white men had shot and killed a black man while protecting their home and their lives against a mob of blacks, nobody would have dreamed of having them indicted. They would have been given medals instead...."^[36]

Following a mistrial, it was agreed that each of the eleven defendants would be tried individually. Darrow, alongside Thomas Chawke, would first defend Ossian's brother Henry, who had confessed to firing the shot on Garland Street. Henry was found not guilty on grounds of self-defense, and the prosecution determined to drop the charges on the remaining ten. The trials were presided over by Frank Murphy, who went on to become Governor of Michigan and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.^[37]

Darrow's closing statement, which lasted over seven hours, is seen as a landmark in the civil rights movement and was included in the book Speeches that Changed the World (given the name "I Believe in the Law of Love"). The two closing arguments of Clarence Darrow, from the first and second trials, show how he learned from the first trial and reshaped his remarks.^[38]

Massie Trial

The Scopes Trial and the Sweet trial were the last big cases that Darrow took on before he retired from full-time practice at the age of 68. He still took on a few cases such as the 1932 Massie Trial in Hawaii.

In his last headline-making case, the Massie Trial, Darrow, devastated by the Great Depression, was hired by Eva Stotesbury, the wife of Darrow's old family friend Edward T. Stotesbury, to come to the defense of Grace Fortescue, Edward J. Lord, Deacon Jones, and Thomas Massie, Fortescue's son-in-law, who were accused of murdering Joseph Kahahawai. Kahahawai had been accused, along with four other men, of raping and beating Thalia Massie, Thomas's wife and Fortescue's daughter; the resulting 1931 case ended in a hung jury (though the charges were later dropped and repeated investigation has shown them to be innocent). Enraged, Fortescue and Massie then orchestrated the murder of Kahahawai in order to extract a confession and were caught by police officers while transporting his dead body.

Darrow entered the racially charged atmosphere as the lawyer for the defendants. He reconstructed the case as a justified honor killing by Thomas Massie. Considered by The New York Times to be one of Darrow's three most compelling trials (along with the Scopes Trial and the Leopold and Loeb case), the case captivated the nation and most of America strongly supported the honor killing defense. In fact, the final defense arguments were transmitted to the mainland through a special radio hookup. In the end, the jury came back with a unanimous verdict of guilty, but on the lesser crime of manslaughter.^[39] As to Darrow's closing, one juror commented, "[h]e talked to us like a bunch of farmers. That stuff may go over big in the Middle West, but not here."^[40] Governor Lawrence Judd later commuted the sentences to one hour in his office.^[41] Years later Deacon admitted to shooting Kahahawai; Kahahawai was found not guilty in a posthumous trial.^{[citation needed]}

Religious beliefs

"Why I Am An Agnostic"

As part of a public symposium on belief held in Columbus, Ohio, in 1929, Darrow delivered a speech, later titled "Why I Am An Agnostic", on agnosticism, skepticism, belief, and religion.^[42] In the speech, Darrow thoroughly discussed the meaning of being an agnostic and questioned the doctrines of Christianity and the Bible. He concluded that "the fear of God is not the beginning of wisdom. The fear of God is the death of wisdom. Skepticism and doubt lead to study and investigation, and investigation is the beginning of wisdom."^[43]

Mecca Temple Debate

In January 1931 Darrow had a debate with English writer G. K. Chesterton during the latter's second trip to America. This was held at New York City's Mecca Temple. The topic was "Will the World Return to Religion?". At the end of the debate those in the hall were asked to vote for the man they thought had won the debate. Darrow received 1,022 votes while Chesterton received 2,359 votes. There is no known transcript of what was said except for third party accounts published later on. The earliest of these was in the February 4, 1931, issue of The Nation in an article written by Henry Hazlitt.^[44][45]

Position on eugenics

In the edition of November 18, 1915, of The Washington Post, Darrow stated: "Chloroform unfit children. Show them the same mercy that is shown beasts that are no longer fit to live." However, Darrow was also critical of some eugenics advocates.^[46][47]

By the 1920s, the eugenics movement was very powerful and Darrow was a pointed critic of that movement. In the years immediately before the Supreme Court of the United States would endorse eugenics through Buck v. Bell,^[48] Darrow wrote multiple essays criticizing the illogic of the eugenicists, especially the confirmation bias in eugenicist arguments.^[49]

In a 1925 essay, "The Edwardses and the Jukeses", he imitated the eugenicists' tracking of pedigrees as a way to demonstrate that their retrospective centuries-long family tree studies were omitting literally thousands of relatives whose lives did not support the researchers' preconceptions. Eugenicist arguments about the eminent Edwards family (of the theologian Jonathan Edwards) ignored that family's mediocre relatives, and even ignored some immediately related murderers. Eugenicist arguments about the Jukes family did just the opposite, leaving ignored or untraced many functional and law-abiding relatives.^[49]

In Darrow's subsequent essay, "The Eugenics Cult" (1926), he attacked the reasoning of eugenicists.^[50] "On the basis of what biological principles, and by what psychological hocus-pocus [Dr. William McDougall] reaches the conclusion that the ability to read intelligently denotes a good germ-plasm and desirable citizens I cannot say," he wrote.^[50] Darrow also criticized the idea that humanity knows what qualities it would take to make humanity "better," and compared humanity's biology experiments unfavorably to those of Nature.^[50]

Political career

Darrow was well-involved in Chicago's Democratic politics.^[51] In the 1903 Chicago mayoral election there was a strong push by members of the Chicago Federation of Labor and others to draft Darrow as a third-party candidate. Darrow considered accepting, and even seemed prepared to announce his candidacy, but ultimately declined to run.^[51] Darrow served in the Illinois House of Representatives from the 17th district during the 43rd General Assembly as one of two members of the Public Ownership Party along with John J. McManaman.^[52] He was elected on a platform "advocating the municipal ownership of public utilities."^[53][54]

Darrow was appointed in 1905 by newly elected Chicago mayor Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne to serve in the position of "Special Traction Counsel to the Mayor", assisting Dunne in his attempts to resolve the city's traction problem.^[51][55] He and Dunne had presented two plans to the Chicago City Council, both of which it rejected.^[51] Darrow resigned his position in November 1905.^[51]

Death

Darrow died on March 13, 1938, at his home, in Chicago, Illinois, of pulmonary heart disease.^[56][57]

Legacy

Today, Clarence Darrow is remembered for his reputation as a fierce trial attorney who, in many cases, championed the cause of the underdog; because of this, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest criminal defense lawyers in American history.

Henry Drummond (left), a fictionalized version of Clarence Darrow, as portrayed by Spencer Tracy in Inherit the Wind.

^{[citation needed]}

According to legend, before he died, Darrow declared that if there was an afterlife, he would return on the small bridge (now known as the Clarence Darrow Memorial Bridge) located just south of the Museum of Science and Industry in Hyde Park, Chicago on the date of his death. Darrow was skeptical of a belief in life after death (he is reported to have said: "Every man knows when his life began... If I did not exist in the past, why should I, or could I, exist in the future?") but he made this promise to dissuade mediums from charging people money to "talk" to his spirit. People still gather on the bridge in the hope of seeing his ghost.^[58]

Plays

• Darrow, a full-length one-man play created after his death, featuring Darrow's reminiscences about his career. Originated by Henry Fonda, many actors (including Leslie Nielsen and David Canary) have since taken on the role of Darrow in this play, which was adapted as Darrow, a film starring Kevin Spacey and released by American Playhouse in 1991.
• Inherit the Wind, a play (later adapted to the screen) that is a broadly fictionalized account of the Scopes Trial. Though the authors noted that the 1925 trial was "clearly the genesis" of their play, they insisted the characters had a "life and language of their own." They also mention that the issues raised in the play "have acquired new dimension and meaning", a possible reference to the political controversies of the 1950s. Still, they finished their foreword by inviting a more universal reading of the play: "It might have been yesterday. It could be tomorrow."^[59] Spencer Tracy played the Darrow character ("Henry Drummond") in the film, and Jason Robards played him in a TV remake in 1988.
• Malice Aforethought: The Sweet Trials is a play written by Arthur Beer, based on the trials of Ossian and Henry Sweet, and derived from Kevin Boyle's Arc of Justice.^[60]
• My Name is Ossian Sweet, a docudrama written by Gordon C. Bennett, based on the Sweet trials in which the black family was defended by Darrow against a charge of murder in Detroit 1925. Published (2011) at HeartlandPlays.com.
• Clarence Darrow by David W. Rintels, where Kevin Spacey again portrayed Darrow in this one-man performance in 2014^[61] and 2015.^[62]
• Clarence Darrow Tonight! written and performed by Laurence Luckinbill, debuted at The Ensemble Theater in NYC and performed throughout the country, including at President Bill Clinton's second inaugural in 1996. Winner of the 1996 Silver Gavel Award for Theater, given by the American Bar Association.
• During an interrogation at the police station in the 1949 movie Holiday Affair, the character Connie Ennis (Janet Leigh) said to the lieutenant (Harry Morgan), "Your honor, I think I can clear this all up." The lieutenant said, "Go ahead, if Clarence Darrow here doesn't have any objections." He was referring to her fiancé in the movie Carl Davis, played by Wendell Corey.

Film and television

• Compulsion, 1959 film. Fictionalized account of the Leopold and Loeb trial. Orson Welles played the role of the defense attorney, based on Darrow.
• Alleged, starring Brian Dennehy and Fred Thompson
• The episode, "Defendant: Clarence Darrow" (January 13, 1963), with Tol Avery playing Darrow, in the CBS anthology series, GE True, hosted by Jack Webb. In the storyline, Darrow is charged in 1912 with attempted bribery of a juror. He is defended by Earl Rogers, played by Robert Vaughn. Darrow and Rogers argue passionately over legal procedures.^[63]

Publications

Non-fiction

External videos
Presentation by John Farrell on Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned, July 14, 2011, C-SPAN
Presentation by Farrell on Clarence Darrow, September 23, 2012, C-SPAN

• "Attorney for the Damned" (Arthur Weinberg, ed), published by University of Chicago Press in 2012; Simon and Schuster in 1957; provides Darrow's most influential summations and includes scene-setting explanations and comprehensive notes; on NYT best seller list 19 weeks.
• Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned by John A. Farrell, published by Doubleday in June 2011; includes new material opened to the public in June 2010 by the University of Minnesota Law Library through the Clarence Darrow Digital Collection
• Arc of Justice (Owl Books, 2004) by Kevin Boyle; in-depth look at the Ossian Sweet trial
• Clarence Darrow for the Defense, a biography by historical novelist Irving Stone
• The People v. Clarence Darrow (ISBN 978-0-8129-2179-3) by Geoffrey Cowan; the history of the California criminal case against Darrow for attempting to bribe a juror while defending the McNamara brothers, two labor organizers accused of planting a bomb which destroyed the printing plant of the Los Angeles Times and killed 21 workers.
• "Is Religion Necessary" (Haldeman-Julius Publications); a transcript of the debate between Clarence Darrow and Rev. Robert MacGovern, 1931.

Fiction

• Compulsion, a 1956 novel by Meyer Levin, is a dramatic retelling of the Leopold and Loeb case in which Darrow served as the basis for the character of Jonathan Wilk. The novel was adapted as a film of the same name in 1959 starring Orson Welles as Wilk. Welles, whose plea to the judge for mercy for his clients was the longest monologue ever committed to film at the time, shared the Best Actor award with co-stars Bradford Dillman and Dean Stockwell at that year's Cannes Film Festival.
• Damned in Paradise, a 1996 Nate Heller novel by Max Allan Collins, renders a fictionalized account of the Massie Trial.
• The Angel of Darkness, a 1997 novel by Caleb Carr, features Darrow in a supporting role.

Other

• The Clarence Darrow Memorial Bridge is located in Chicago, just south of the Museum of Science & Industry. The Clarence Darrow Commemorative Committee holds an annual event to honor Darrow's life and work.
• The complete collection of Clarence Darrow's personal papers is housed at the University of Minnesota Libraries.
• Darrow is mentioned in "The Gift", a 1967 song by Lou Reed as performed by The Velvet Underground on their 1968 album White Light/White Heat.
• The chapter of Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity, International located at the University of Maryland Carey School of Law is named the Clarence Darrow Chapter.
• A statue of Darrow stands outside the Rhea County Courthouse in Dayton, Tennessee, site of the 1925 Scopes Trial. The statue was erected on July 14, 2017, and stands just a few feet away from a statue of Darrow's Scopes Trial opponent, William Jennings Bryan, erected in 2005.^[64]
• Darrow was reported to have distracted juries during the closing arguments of his opponents with a cigar trick. He allegedly inserted a thin piano wire into his cigar, which he lit up in the courtroom, to prevent the cigar ash from falling. The jury was reportedly distracted by the fact that the ashes, held together by the wire, never fell from Darrow's cigar.^[65][66]

Darrow was briefly mentioned in an episode of the award-winning drama series Breaking Bad.

Books by Darrow

A volume of Darrow's boyhood reminiscences, entitled Farmington, was published in Chicago in 1903 by McClurg and Company.

Darrow shared offices with Edgar Lee Masters, who achieved more fame for his poetry, in particular, the Spoon River Anthology, than for his advocacy.

The papers of Clarence Darrow are located at the Library of Congress and the University of Minnesota Libraries. The Riesenfeld Rare Books Research Center^[67] of the University of Minnesota Law School has the largest collection of Clarence Darrow material including personal letters to and from Darrow. Many of these letters and other material are available on the U of M's Clarence Darrow Digital Collection^[68] website.

List of books

• An Eye for an Eye
• Crime: Its Cause and Treatment
• Persian Pearl
• The Story of My Life
• Farmington
• Resist Not Evil
• Marx vs Tolstoy
• Closing Arguments on Religion, Law and Society
• The Myth of the Soul

See also

• Curtis Cavielle Taylor, African American lawyer nicknamed, "The Black Clarence Darrow"

References and further reading

• Baatz, Simon. For the Thrill of It: Leopold, Loeb and the Murder that Shocked Chicago (New York: HarperCollins, 2008)
• Blum, Howard. American Lightning: Terror, Mystery, the Birth of Hollywood, and the Crime of the Century, 2008, Crown.^[69]
• Boyle, Kevin. Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights and Murder in the Jazz Age (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2004). (National Book Award Winner) ISBN 978-0-8050-7933-3.
• Farrell, John Aloysius. "Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned". Doubleday, New York: 2011. ISBN 0-385-52258-4.
• Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
• Haldeman-Julius, Marcet. Clarence Darrow's Two Great Trials: Reports of the Scopes Anti-Evolution Case and the Dr. Sweet Negro Trial. Girard: Haldeman-Julius Co., 1927.^[70]
• Mackey, Judge Alfred W. Clarence Darrow biography
• McRae, Donald. The Last Trials of Clarence Darrow (New York: William Morrow publishers, 2009). ISBN 978-0-06-116149-0.
• Morton, Richard Allen. "A Victorian Tragedy: The Strange Deaths of Mayor Carter H. Harrison and Patrick Eugene Prendergast," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Spring 2003 (here).
• Ossian Sweet Murder Trial Scrapbook, 1925. Scrapbook and photocopy of the November 1925 murder trial of Ossian Sweet. Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University.^[71]
• Stone, Irving. Clarence Darrow For The Defense (Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1941).
• Tierney, Kevin. Darrow. A Biography. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1979). ISBN 0-690-01408-2.
• Toms, Robert. "Speech on the Sweet murder trials upon retirement of the prosecuting attorney in 1960." Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University.^[71]
• Vine, Phyllis. One Man's Castle: Clarence Darrow in Defense of the American Dream. (New York: Amistad, 2005). ISBN 978-0-06-621415-3.
• Weinberg, Arthur (ed.). Attorney for the Damned: Clarence Darrow in the Courtroom. (University of Chicago Press, 1989) ISBN 978-0-226-13649-3.
• Weinberg, Arthur & Lila. Clarence Darrow: A Sentimental Rebel. Atheneum; 1st Atheneum pbk. ed edition (March 1987)
• St. Johns, Adela Rogers: Final Verdict (Doubleday, 1962; biography of Earl Rogers, relating the events of Darrow's trials for jury bribery)

Primary sources

• Chicago History Museum: Darrow bibliography (online here).
• Darrow, Clarence. The Story of My Life. New York: Scribner, 1932.^[19]
• Darrow, Clarence. In the Clutches of the Law: Clarence Darrow's Letters (ed. Randall Tietjen). Berkeley: UCP, 2013.
• Montefiore, Simon (introd.). Speeches That Changed the World (rev. ed.). London: Quercus, 2014.
• University of Minnesota Law School, The Clarence Darrow Digital Collection. (2016)
• University of Minnesota Law School, The Clarence Darrow Digital Collection Archived August 23, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. (2019)

“The Oshkosh Woodworkers’Strike of 1898: A Wisconsin Community in Crisis” by Virginia Glenn Crane (1998). Darrow successfully defended strike organizers charged with crimes (State of Wisconsin vs. Kidd, Zentner, and Troiber) with a six hour closing argument resulting in a jury verdict of “not guilty” at 4:15PM on 11/2/1898,(an important precedent for organized labor in the United States that laborers could not be criminally charged by exercising their right to seek better working conditions).

References

1. "Clarence Darrow | American Lawyer & Civil Rights Activist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
2. Solovy, Jerold S.; Byman, Robert L. (1999). "The Timeless Litigator". Litigation. 26 (1): 12–18. ISSN 0097-9813. JSTOR 29760099.
3. Uelmen, Gerald (January 1, 2000). "Who Is the Lawyer of the Century". Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 33 (2): 613. ISSN 0147-9857.
4. "Clarence Darrow". Trial Lawyer Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
5. "Clarence Darrow". Trial Lawyer Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
6. Linder, Douglas O. (1997). "Who Is Clarence Darrow?" Archived March 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, The Clarence Darrow Home Page
7. Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
8. Darrow, Clarence (1932). The Story of My Life. New York: Grosset and Dunlap. p. 12.
9. Darrow, Clarence (1932). The Story of My Life. New York: Grosset and Dunlap. p. 13.
10. Darrow, Clarence (1932). The Story of My Life. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
11. "Clarence Darrow will be remembered by many of our readers as the young gentleman who opened a law office". harvarddiggins.advantage-preservation.com. Harvard Herald. October 12, 1888. Retrieved October 25, 2023.^{[dead link]}
12. "January 24 1880 | C.S. Darrow Wins Case at Courthouse · Woodstock Public Library Archives". woodstockpubliclibraryarchives.omeka.net. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
13. Yesterday and Today: A History of the Chicago and North Western Railway System. Winship Company, Printers. 1910.
14. Clarence Darrow: Biography and Much More from Answers.com at http://www.answers.com
15. Passport application, accessed through familysearch.org
16. Stone, Irving (1919). Darrow For The Defence.
17. Association, American Bar (July 1979). ABA Journal. American Bar Association.
18. Donovan, Henry. "Chicago Eagle". Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
19. Darrow, Clarence. The Story of My Life, 1932. Project Guttenberg.
20. Foner, Phillip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910–1915, 1980.
21. Farrell, John A. "Darrow in the Dock Archived October 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine". Smithsonian Magazine, December 2011, Volume 42, Number 8, pp. 98–111.
22. Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer, 1994
23. Cowan, Geoffrey (1993). The People V. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer. New York: Random House.
24. see in "Clarence Darrow: A Sentimental Rebel" by Arthur and Lila Weinberg.
25. Farrell, John A., "Clarence Darrow: Jury Tamperer?" Smithsonian Magazine, December 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
26. Adela Rogers St. Johns: Final Verdict, (Doubleday, 1962) 457.
27. Riggenbach, Jeff (March 25, 2011). "Clarence Darrow on Freedom, Justice, and War". Mises Daily. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
28. JURIST – The Trial of Leopold and Loeb Archived November 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Prof. Douglas Linder. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
29. See, A. Weinberg, ed., Attorney for the Damned, pp. 17–18, n. 1 (Simon & Schuster, 1957)); Hulbert papers, Northwestern University.
30. "Tennessee Anti-evolution Statute - UMKC School of Law".
31. See Tenn. Const. art. VI, s. 14; see also, Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105, 289 S.W. 363 (1926)
32. "Tennessee Supreme Court - Scopes Trial - Page 1".
33. Clarence Darrow at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
34. O’Connor, John J. (March 18, 1988). "TV Weekend; 'Inherit the Wind' and 'Hot Paint'". The New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
35. "Geoffrey Gould reports from the set of Inherit the Wind". jeffgould.net. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
36. B. J., Widick (May 1, 1989). Detroit: City of Race and Class Violence (Revised ed.). Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. p. 8.
37. *Boyle, Kevin, Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights and Murder in the Jazz Age (Henry Holt & Company, New York: 2004) (National Book Award Winner) ISBN 978-0-8050-7933-3.
38. "Darrow's Summations in the Sweet Trials (1925 &1926)". Law.umkc.edu. May 11, 1926. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
39. David Stannard."The Massie case: Injustice and courage". The Honolulu Advertiser, October 14, 2001.
40. Stannard, David E. (2006) [First published 2005]. Honor Killing: Race, Rape, and Clarence Darrow's Spectacular Last Case. Penguin Group. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-14-303663-0.
41. Page 86 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
42. The Essential Words and Writings of Clarence Darrow. Modern Library. 2007. p. 20. ISBN 978-0812966770.
43. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
44. "Clarence Darrow debate". American Chesterton Society. April 30, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
45. "G.K. Chesterton January, 1915". Clarence Darrow digital collection. University of Minnesota Law School. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
46. "The Scopes Trial - Clarence Darrow Myths". Bradburyac.mistral.co.uk. December 6, 1999. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
47. "Darrow versus the Eugenicists". andrewekersten.com.vhost.zerolag.com. May 27, 2011. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
48. "Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927)". Justia Law.
49. See Darrow, Clarence, "The Edwardses and the Jukeses". American Mercury. Vol. 6, October 1925, 147-57.
50. See Darrow, Clarence, "The Eugenics Cult." American Mercury. Vol. 8, June 1926, 129-37.
51. Morton, Richard Allen (June 29, 2016). Roger C. Sullivan and the Making of the Chicago Democratic Machine, 1881-1908. McFarland. pp. 40, 140–141, 177. ISBN 9781476623788. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
52. Illinois Blue Book 1913-1914. p. 406. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
53. 'Illinois Blue Book 1903-1904,' Biographical Sketch of Clarence S. Darrow, pg. 367
54. "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Clarence Seward Darrow". www.ourcampaigns.com.
55. Justice and Humanity: Edward F. Dunne, Illinois Progressive. p. 14-17. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.
56. "Clarence Darrow Is Dead in Chicago". The New York Times. March 14, 1938. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
57. James Edward Sayer, "Clarence Darrow: Public Advocate", Wright State Univ. (1978), p 2.
58. Kogan, Rick (March 4, 2016). "Clarence Darrow's Words, if Not His Ghost, Still Linger in Jackson Park". Retrieved November 16, 2016.
59. Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee. Inherit the Wind. Bantam, 1955.
60. "Sweet Trials Project". University of Detroit Mercy. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
61. "Clarence Darrow (2014)". OldVicTheatre.com.
62. "Clarence Darrow (2015)". OldVicTheatre.com. Kevin Spacey returns to The Old Vic stage in Clarence Darrow for a limited run of 6 weeks only following his sell-out and critically acclaimed run of 22 performances in 2014.
63. "GE True: "Defendant: Clarence Darrow", January 13, 1963". Classic Television Archive. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
64. Fausset, Richard (July 14, 2017). "At Site of Scopes Trial, Darrow Statue Belatedly Joins Bryan's". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
65. "Renowned attorney trying to bring some L.A. into law". Chicago Tribune. March 31, 2004. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
66. Andrus, R. Blain (2009). Lawyer: A Brief 5,000-year History. American Bar Association. p. 406. ISBN 9781604425987.
67. minor049 (February 9, 2017). "Riesenfeld Rare Books Research Center".
68. "The Clarence Darrow Collection". April 19, 2012. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012.
69. Blum, Howard. "Extra! Extra! Unionist Bombs Wreck The 'Times'". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
70. Haldeman-Julius was an eye-witness to the trials. Excerpt regarding the Scopes Trial here, regarding the Sweet Trials here and here.
71. "Home | Central Michigan University". Clarke.cmich.edu. October 7, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2013.

External links

• Works by Clarence Darrow at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Clarence Darrow at the Internet Archive
• Works by Clarence Darrow at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• The Clarence Darrow Digital Collection at the University of Minnesota
• Darrow Family scrapbooks Archived June 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at the Newberry Library
• An excerpt on the McNamara case from "Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned."
• Ossian Haven Sweet American National Biography.
• Mary Field Parton-Clarence Darrow Papers Archived October 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine at the Newberry Library
• John T. Jacobs-Clarence Darrow Papers Archived March 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine at the Newberry Library
• Trial of the Century Closing Argument
• Guide to the Clarence Darrow Papers 1913-1944 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center