Usually credited as Fred Dalton Thompson, he appeared in a number of movies and television shows including Matlock, The Hunt for Red October, Die Hard 2, In the Line of Fire, Days of Thunder, and Cape Fear, as well as in commercials. He frequently portrayed governmental authority figures and military men.[6] In the final months of his U.S. Senate term in 2002, Thompson joined the cast of the NBC television series Law & Order, starring as Manhattan District Attorney Arthur Branch.[7]
Early life
Thompson was born at Helen Keller Memorial Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama on August 19, 1942,[8] the son of Ruth Inez (née Bradley) and Fletcher Session Thompson (born Lauderdale County, Alabama, August 26, 1919, and died in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, May 27, 1990), who was an automobile salesman. Fred Thompson had English and distant Dutch ancestry.[9][10] He attended public school in Lawrenceburg, graduating from Lawrence County High School in 1960[11] where he played high-school football.[12] Thereafter, he worked days in the local post office, and nights at the Murray bicycle assembly plant.[13]
Thompson grew up going to churches in the Churches of Christ.[14] He said that his values came from "sitting around the kitchen table" with his parents, and from the Church of Christ. While talking to reporters at an event in South Carolina, Thompson said, "I attend church when I'm in Tennessee. I'm [living] in McLean right now. I don't attend regularly when I'm up there."[15] Later in his adulthood, Thompson occasionally attended Vienna Presbyterian Church in Vienna, Virginia.[16] He did not speak much about religion during his 2008 presidential campaign. He said, "Me getting up and talking about what a wonderful person I am and that sort of thing, I'm not comfortable with that, and I don't think it does me any good."[15]
In September 1959, at the age of 17, Thompson married Sarah Elizabeth Lindsey.[17] Their son, Freddie Dalton "Tony" Thompson Jr.,[2] was born in April 1960.[18] Their son Daniel and daughter Elizabeth were born not long afterwards.[19]
Thompson attended Florence State College (now the University of North Alabama), becoming the first member of his family to attend college.[20] He later transferred to Memphis State University (now the University of Memphis), where he earned a double degree in philosophy and political science in 1964.[13] He then received a scholarship to study law at the Vanderbilt University Law School, graduating with a Juris Doctor degree in 1967.[20] While Thompson was attending law school, he and Sarah both worked to pay for his education and support their three children.[19] Thompson and his first wife divorced in 1985.[21]
Career as an attorney
Thompson was admitted to the state bar of Tennessee in 1967. At that time, he shortened his first name from Freddie to Fred.[22]
He worked as an assistant U.S. attorney from 1969 to 1972,[23] successfully prosecuting bank robberies and other cases.[13] Thompson was the campaign manager for Republican U.S. Senator Howard Baker's re-election campaign in 1972, and was minority counsel to the Senate Watergate Committee in its investigation of the Watergate scandal (1973–1974).
His clients included a German mining group and Japan's Toyota Motors Corporation.[19] Thompson served on various corporate boards. He also did legal work and served on the board of directors for engineering firm Stone & Webster.[26]
In 1973, Thompson was appointed minority counsel to assist the Republican senators on the Senate Watergate Committee, a special committee convened by the U.S. Senate to investigate the Watergate scandal.[27] Thompson was sometimes credited for supplying Republican Senator Howard Baker's famous question, "What did the President know, and when did he know it?"[28] This question is said to have helped frame the hearings in a way that eventually led to the downfall of President Richard Nixon.[29] The question remains popular and is often invoked by pundits commenting on political scandals.[30]
A Republican staff member, Donald Sanders, found out about the White House tapes and informed the committee on July 13, 1973. Thompson was informed of the existence of the tapes, and he, in turn, informed Nixon's attorney, J. Fred Buzhardt.[31] "Even though I had no authority to act for the committee, I decided to call Fred Buzhardt at home," Thompson later wrote,[32] "I wanted to be sure that the White House was fully aware of what was to be disclosed so that it could take appropriate action."
Three days after Sanders's discovery, at a public, televised committee hearing, Thompson asked former White House aide Alexander Butterfield the famous question, "Mr. Butterfield, were you aware of the installation of any listening devices in the Oval Office of the President?" thereby publicly revealing the existence of tape recordings of conversations within the White House.[19][27]National Public Radio later called that session and the discovery of the Watergate tapes "a turning point in the investigation."[33]
Thompson's appointment as minority counsel to the Senate Watergate committee reportedly upset Nixon, who believed Thompson was not skilled enough to interrogate unfriendly witnesses and would be outfoxed by the committee Democrats. According to historian Stanley Kutler, however, Thompson and Baker "carried water for the White House, but I have to give them credit—they were watching out for their interests, too ... They weren't going to mindlessly go down the tubes [for Nixon]."[28]
Journalist Scott Armstrong, a Democratic investigator for the Senate Watergate Committee, is critical of Thompson for having disclosed the committee's knowledge of the tapes to Buzhardt during an ongoing investigation, and says Thompson was "a mole for the White House" and that Thompson's actions gave the White House a chance to destroy the tapes. Thompson's 1975 book At That Point in Time, in turn, accused Armstrong of having been too close to The Washington Post's Bob Woodward and of leaking committee information to him. In response to renewed interest in this matter, in 2007 during his presidential campaign, Thompson said, "I'm glad all of this has finally caused someone to read my Watergate book, even though it's taken them over 30 years."[34]
Corruption case against Tennessee governor
In 1977, Thompson represented Marie Ragghianti, a former Tennessee Parole Board chair, who had been fired for refusing to release felons after they had bribed aides to Democratic Governor Ray Blanton to obtain clemency.[35] With Thompson's assistance, Ragghianti filed a wrongful termination suit against Blanton's office. During the trial, Thompson helped expose the cash-for-clemency scheme that eventually led to Blanton's removal from office.[19] In July 1978, a jury awarded Ragghianti $38,000 ($139,165.09 in 2016 dollars)[36] in back pay and ordered her reinstatement.[35]
Thompson earned about $1 million in total from his lobbying efforts. Except for the year 1981, his lobbying never amounted to more than one-third of his income.[37] According to the Memphis Commercial Appeal:
Fred Thompson earned about half a million dollars from Washington lobbying from 1975 through 1993 ... Lobbyist disclosure records show Thompson had six lobbying clients: Westinghouse, two cable television companies, the Tennessee Savings and Loan League, the Teamsters Union's Central States Pension Fund, and a Baltimore-based business coalition that lobbied for federal grants.[37]
Billing records show that Thompson was paid for about 20 hours of work in 1991 and 1992 on behalf of the National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association, a family planning group trying to ease a George H. W. Bush administration regulation on abortion counseling in federally funded clinics.[40][41]
After Thompson was elected to the Senate, two of his sons followed him into the lobbying business, but generally avoided clients where a possible conflict of interest might appear.[42] When he left the Senate, some of his political action committee's fees went to the lobbying firm of one of his sons.[43]
Initial acting career
Marie Ragghianti's case became the subject of a book, Marie which was written by Peter Maas and published in 1983. The film rights were purchased by director Roger Donaldson, who, after traveling to Nashville to speak with the people involved with the original case, asked Thompson if he wanted to play himself. The resulting film, Marie, was Thompson's first acting role and was released in 1985. Roger Donaldson then cast Thompson in the part of CIA director Marshall in the 1987 film No Way Out.[44] He played the head of FBI special-agent training in the 1988 comedy Feds; in the trailer, the FBI disclaimed any connection with the film. In 1990, he was cast as Ed Trudeau, the head of Dulles Airport, in the action sequel Die Hard 2, as Rear Admiral Painter in The Hunt for Red October, and as Big John, the President of NASCAR, in the movie Days of Thunder (patterned on 'Big' Bill France).
Thompson went on to be cast in many films including as Tom Broadbent in Cape Fear (1991) and White House Chief of Staff Harry Sargent in In the Line of Fire (1993). A 1994 New York Times profile wrote, "When Hollywood directors need someone who can personify governmental power, they often turn to him."[6] He also appeared in several television shows including Roseanne, Matlock and (eventually) a role on Law & Order.
United States Senate tenure
Election campaigns
Fred Thompson with the U.S. Senate in 2002
In 1994, Thompson was elected to finish the remaining two years of Al Gore's unexpired U.S. Senate term. During the 1994 campaign, Thompson's opponent was longtime Nashville Congressman Jim Cooper. Thompson campaigned in a red pickup truck, and Cooper charged Thompson "is a lobbyist and actor who talks about lower taxes, talks about change, while he drives a rented stage prop."[45] In a good year for Republican candidates,[46] Thompson defeated Cooper in a landslide, overcoming Cooper's early 20% lead in the polls to defeat him by an even greater margin.[47] On the same night Thompson was elected to fill Gore's unexpired term, political newcomer Bill Frist, a Nashville heart surgeon, defeated three-term incumbent Democrat Jim Sasser, the chairman of the Senate Budget Committee, for Tennessee's other Senate seat, which was up for a full six-year term. The twin victories by Thompson and Frist gave Republicans control of both of Tennessee's Senate seats for the first time since Sasser ousted incumbent Bill Brock in 1976.
In 1996, Thompson was reelected (for the term ending January 3, 2003) with 61% of the vote, defeating Democratic attorney Houston Gordon of Covington, Tennessee, even as Bill Clinton and running mate Al Gore narrowly carried the state by less than three percentage points on their way to re-election.[48] During this campaign, Mike Long served as Thompson's chief speechwriter.[49]
In 1996, Thompson was a member of the Committee on Governmental Affairs when the committee investigated the alleged Chinese attempts to influence American politics. Thompson says he was "largely stymied" during these investigations by witnesses declining to testify, claiming the right not to incriminate themselves or by simply leaving the country.[50] Thompson explained, "Our work was affected tremendously by the fact that Congress is a much more partisan institution than it used to be."[51]
Thompson became committee chairman in 1997, but was reduced to ranking minority member when the Democrats took control of the Senate in 2001.[52] Thompson served on the Finance Committee (dealing with health care, trade, Social Security, and taxation), the Intelligence Committee, and the National Security Working Group.[53]
Thompson's work included investigation of the "Umm Hajul controversy" which involved the death of Tennessean Lance Fielder during the Gulf War. During his term, he supported campaign finance reform, opposed proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and promoted government efficiency and accountability.[13] During the 1996 presidential debates, he also served as a Clinton stand-in to help prepare Bob Dole.[13]
Campaign co-chairman for John McCain's 2000 presidential campaign
In the 2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Thompson backed former Tennessee Governor Lamar Alexander, who eventually succeeded Thompson in the Senate two years later. When Alexander dropped out, Thompson endorsed Senator John McCain's bid and became his national co-chairman.[54] After George W. Bush won the primaries, both McCain and Thompson were considered as potential running mates.[55][56]
Thompson's rating from the American Conservative Union was 86.1 (1995 to 2002), compared to 89.3 for Bill Frist, and 82.3 for John McCain.[57][58] Senator Susan Collins (R-Maine) characterized her colleague this way: "I believe that Fred is a fearless senator. By that I mean he was never afraid to cast a vote or take a stand, regardless of the political consequences."[59] Thompson was "on the short end of a couple of 99–1 votes", voting against those who wanted to federalize matters that he believed were properly left to state and local officials.[60]
With Thompson's decision to campaign for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination, his Senate record received some criticism from people who say he was "lazy" compared to other senators.[61] Critics say that few of his proposals became law, and point to a 1998 quote: "I don't like spending 14- and 16-hour days voting on 'sense of the Senate' resolutions on irrelevant matters. There are some important things we really need to get on with—and on a daily basis, it's very frustrating." Defenders say he spent more time in preparation than other senators. Paul Noe, a former staffer, told The New York Times, "On the lazy charge, I have to chuckle because I was there sometimes until 1 in the morning working with the man."[62]
Personal life during Senate tenure
Fred and Jeri Thompson with their children in September 2007
In July 1996, Thompson began dating Jeri Kehn (born 1966) and the two married almost six years later on June 29, 2002.[64] When he was asked in an Associated Press survey of the candidates in December 2007, to name his favorite possession he replied, tongue-in-cheek, "trophy wife".[65] The couple had two children together, a daughter Hayden born in 2003, and a son Samuel born in 2006.[66][67][68][69]
On January 30, 2002, Thompson's daughter Elizabeth "Betsy" Thompson Panici died from a brain injury resulting from cardiac arrest after what was determined to be an accidental overdose of prescription drugs.[70]
Initial post-Senate life and career
Thompson was not a candidate for reelection in 2002. He had previously stated that he was unwilling to make serving in the Senate a long-term career. While he announced in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks his intention to seek reelection (declaring, "now is not the time for me to leave"), upon further reflection, he decided against running for reelection.[44] The decision seems to have been prompted in large part by the death of his daughter.[50][71]
The only lobbying work Thompson did after leaving the Senate in 2003 was for the London-based reinsurance company Equitas Ltd. He was paid $760,000 between 2004 and 2006 to help prevent passage of legislation that Equitas said unfairly singled them out for unfavorable treatment regarding asbestos claims.[26] Thompson's spokesman Mark Corrallo said that Thompson was proud to have been a lobbyist and believed in Equitas' cause.[72]
Return to acting
As Thompson prepared to depart the Senate, he resumed his acting career. In 2002, during the final months of his Senate term, Thompson joined the cast of the NBC television series Law & Order, playing conservative District Attorney Arthur Branch, a role that he would ultimately portray for the next five years. Thompson began filming during the August 2002 Senate recess.[13] He made occasional appearances in the same role on other TV shows, such as Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, and the pilot episode of Conviction.
Thompson, in 2007, again paused his acting career in order to pursue political options, this time stepping back from acting in order to accommodate a potential campaign for the presidency. On May 30, 2007, he asked to be released from the Law & Order role, potentially in preparation for a presidential bid.[7] Due to concerns about the equal-time rule, reruns featuring the Branch character were not shown on NBC while Thompson was a potential or actual presidential candidate, but TNT episodes were unaffected.[74]
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma diagnosis
Thompson was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), a form of cancer, in 2004. In 2007, Thompson stated, "I have had no illness from it, or even any symptoms. My life expectancy should not be affected. I am in remission, and it is very treatable with drugs if treatment is needed in the future—and with no debilitating side effects." Reportedly indolent, Thompson's NHL was the lowest of three grades of NHL,[75] and was the rare nodal marginal zone lymphoma. It accounts for only 1–3% of all cases.[76]
From 2002 to 2005, Thompson was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, and other leaders interested in economic development in Washington, DC.[77]
In March 2003, Thompson was featured in a commercial by the conservative nonprofit group Citizens United which advocated for the invasion of Iraq, "When people ask what has Saddam done to us, I ask, what had the 9/11 hijackers done to us--before 9/11."[78]
Thompson did voice-over work at the 2004 Republican National Convention.[79] While narrating a video for that convention, Thompson observed: "History throws you what it throws you, and you never know what's coming."[80]
After the retirement of Supreme CourtAssociate JusticeSandra Day O'Connor in 2005, President George W. Bush appointed Thompson to an informal position to help guide the nomination of John Roberts through the United States Senate confirmation process.[81] Roberts' nomination as associate justice was cancelled following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist; he was renominated and confirmed as Chief Justice instead.
Until July 2007, Thompson was Chair of the International Security Advisory Board, a bipartisan advisory panel that reports to the Secretary of State and focuses on emerging strategic threats.[82] In that capacity, he advised the State Department about all aspects of arms control, disarmament, international security, and related aspects of public diplomacy.[83]
In 2006, he served on the advisory board of the legal defense fund for I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr., who was indicted and later convicted of lying to federal investigators during their investigation of the Plame affair.[84][85] Thompson, who had never met Libby before volunteering for the advisory board, said he was convinced that Libby was innocent.[44] The Scooter Libby Legal Defense Fund Trust set out to raise more than $5 million to help finance the legal defense of Vice President Dick Cheney's former chief of staff.[86] Thompson hosted a fundraiser for the Libby defense fund at his home in McLean, Virginia.[87] After Bush commuted Libby's sentence,[88] Thompson released a statement: "I am very happy for Scooter Libby. I know that this is a great relief to him, his wife and children. This will allow a good American, who has done a lot for his country, to resume his life."[89]
Work as a radio analyst
In 2006, he signed on with ABC News Radio to serve as senior analyst and vacation replacement for Paul Harvey.[90] He used that platform to spell out his positions on a number of political issues. A July 3, 2007, update to Thompson's ABC News Radio home page referred to him as a "former ABC News Radio contributor", indicating that Thompson had been released from his contract with the broadcaster.[91] He did not return after his campaign ended.
Work as a columnist
Thompson signed a deal with Salem Communications's Townhall.com to write for the organization's magazine, Townhall, from April 23, 2007, until August 21, 2007,[92] and again from June 8, 2008, until November 17, 2008.[93]
On March 11, 2007, Thompson appeared on Fox News Sunday to discuss the possibility of a 2008 candidacy for the presidency. Two weeks later Thompson asked to be released from his television contract, potentially in preparation for a presidential bid.[7] Thompson formed a presidential exploratory committee regarding his possible 2008 campaign for president on June 1, 2007,[94] but unlike most candidate exploratory groups, Thompson's organized as a 527 group.[95]
Thompson continued to be mentioned as a potential candidate, but did not officially declare his candidacy. On June 12, he told Jay Leno on The Tonight Show that while he did not crave the presidency itself, he would like to do things that he could only do by holding that office.[96] A New York Times article cited Thompson's aides as saying on July 18 that he planned to enter the race just after Labor Day, followed by a national announcement tour.[97]
On September 5, 2007, Thompson made his candidacy official, announcing on The Tonight Show that "I'm running for president of the United States" and running an ad during a Republican presidential candidates' debate on Fox News.[98] In both instances he pointed people to his campaign website to watch a 15-minute video detailing his platform. His campaign entrance was described as "lackluster"[99] and "awkward"[100] despite high expectations in anticipation of his joining the race.[101] Thompson was endorsed by the Virginia Society for Human Life and several other anti-abortion organizations.[102][103]
In nationwide polling toward the end of 2007, Thompson's support in the Republican primary election was sliding, with Thompson placing either third or fourth in polls.[104][105] On January 22, 2008, after attracting little support in the early primaries, he confirmed that he had withdrawn from the presidential race.[106] In a statement issued by his campaign he said:
Today I have withdrawn my candidacy for President of the United States. I hope that my country and my party have benefited from our having made this effort. Jeri and I will always be grateful for the encouragement and friendship of so many wonderful people.
Post-presidential campaign
Political activities
Thompson spoke at the 2008 Republican National Convention on September 2 in Minnesota, where he described in graphic detail presumptive Republican nominee John McCain's torture at the hands of the North Vietnamese during his imprisonment and gave an endorsement of McCain for president.[107]
Thompson signed an agreement to be represented as an actor by the William Morris Agency.[109] In 2009, he returned to acting with a guest appearance on the ABC television series Life on Mars,[110] and as William Jennings Bryan in the TV movie Alleged (2010), based on the Scopes Monkey Trial.[111] Thompson portrayed Frank Michael Thomas in the CBS series The Good Wife, based on himself. He also had roles in Disney's Secretariat (2010) and the horror film Sinister (2012). In 2014, he appeared in the film Persecuted, focusing on religious freedom, government surveillance, and censorship.[112]
Radio career
On March 2, 2009, he took over Westwood One's East Coast noon time slot, hosting the talk radio program The Fred Thompson Show, after Bill O'Reilly ended The Radio Factor.[113] It was co-hosted for a time by his wife, Jeri. Thompson's final show for Westwood One was aired on January 21, 2011. Douglas Urbanski took Thompson's place in the Westwood One syndication lineup.[114]
Thompson's memoir, Teaching the Pig to Dance: A Memoir of Growing up and Second Chances, was published in 2010.[117][118]
Death and funeral
On the morning of November 1, 2015, Thompson died at the age of 73; the cause of death was a recurrence of lymphoma.[119] His funeral was held on November 6, 2015, in Nashville with U.S. Senators John McCain and Lamar Alexander in attendance.[120] He was interred at Mimosa Cemetery in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee later that day.[121]
Thompson said that federalism was his "lodestar", which provides "a basis for a proper analysis of most issues: 'Is this something government should be doing? If so, at what level of government?'"[60]
Thompson said that "Roe v. Wade was bad law and bad medical science"; he felt that judges should not be determining social policy.[123] However, he also said that the government should not criminally prosecute women who undergo early-term abortions.[124][125] He did not support a federal ban on gay marriage, but would have supported a constitutional amendment to keep a state's recognition of such marriages from resulting in all states having to recognize them.[126]
He said that citizens are entitled to keep and bear arms if they do not have criminal records.[127] The Gun Owners of America says that he voted pro-gun in 20 of 33 gun-related votes during his time in the Senate.[128]
Thompson said that U.S. borders should be secured before considering comprehensive immigration reform,[129] but he also supported a path to citizenship for illegal aliens saying, "You're going to have to, in some way, work out a deal where they can have some aspirations of citizenship, but not make it so easy that it's unfair to the people waiting in line and abiding by the law."[130] Thompson supported the U.S. 2003 invasion of Iraq[131]
and was opposed to withdrawing troops,[132] but believed that "mistakes have been made" since the invasion.[133]
Thompson initially supported the McCain–Feingold campaign finance legislation, but he later said that certain parts should be repealed.[134] He was skeptical that human efforts cause global warming and pointed to parallel warming on Mars and other planets as an example.[135]
Filmography
Thompson's acting roles were credited as Fred Dalton Thompson, unless otherwise noted.
^Mathews, Joe. "An in-law-made man", Los Angeles Times (September 6, 2007): "Thompson stopped using the name Freddie in his professional dealings and became Fred."
^Mathews, Joe (September 6, 2007). "Thompson wed his ambition". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 8, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.: "In the summer of 1959 ... Lindsey told Thompson she was pregnant. He responded, friends say, by asking her to marry him ... Freddie and Sarah exchanged vows in a Methodist church during the second week of his senior year. Seven months later, in April 1960, 17-year-old Thompson had a son."
^ abcLocker, Richard. "Thompson tells why lobbyist pay rose with GOP-led Senate", Commercial Appeal (November 5, 1994).
^Leibold, Arthur. "Some Hope for the Future After a Failed National Policy for Thrifts" in Barth, James et al. The Savings and Loan Crisis: Lessons from a Regulatory Failure, pages 58–59 (2004). Leibold cites Strunk and Case, Where Regulation Went Wrong: A Look at the Causes Behind Savings and Loan Failures in the 1980s, pages 14–16 (1988).
^The records show he spent much of that time in telephone conferences with the president of the group. He also spoke to administration officials on its behalf three times for a total of about three hours, but when or with whom in the administration Thompson spoke is unclear. When the work became controversial in 2007 in light of Thompson's anti-abortion stance and 2008 presidential campaign, a Thompson spokesperson said, "The [lobbying] firm consulted with Fred Thompson. It is not unusual for a lawyer to give counsel at the request of colleagues, even when they personally disagree with the issue." See Jo Becker, Records Show Ex-Senator's Work for Family Planning Unit, The New York Times, (July 19, 2007). Retrieved 2007-12-22.
^Powers, William. "The Politician's Pickup Lines"Archived November 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post (October 21, 1994). Some question exists about whether Thompson actually did the driving. According to Kevin Drum of the Washington Monthly, "Thompson didn't even deign to drive the thing himself." Drum, Kevin. "Fred Thompson's Red Pick-up Truck"Archived July 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Washington Monthly (2007-05-07). Retrieved 2007-06-18. Media reports in May and June 2007 said that Thompson still has the truck, which is "parked behind Thompson's mother's home outside Nashville." Chipman, Kim. "Thompson's Backers Check His `Fire in the Belly' for 2008 Race", Bloomberg (2007-06-28). According to Newsweek, "The paint is peeling and its U.S. Senate license plates expired back in 2002." Bailey, Holly. "The Sign of the Red Truck"Archived May 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Newsweek (2007-05-28). Retrieved 2007-07-10.
^Traub, James. "Party Like It's 1994", New York Times Magazine (March 12, 2006): "The Republicans shocked political professionals, including President Bill Clinton, by gaining 52 seats in the House, giving them a majority there for the first time in 40 years. (They picked up eight seats in the Senate to wrest control there, as well.)"
^"Metro: In Brief". The Washington Post. November 26, 2002. p. B3; "Fred Thompson takes on federal council role". The Knoxville News-Sentinel. December 1, 2002. p. H3.
^Thompson, Fred D., Teaching the Pig to Dance: A Memoir of Growing up and Second Chances, Crown Forum, 2010. ISBN9780307460288. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
^US Congress "THOMPSON, Fred Dalton, (1942 - 2015)", Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress, 1774- present. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
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