Malto language

Not to be confused with Mal Paharia language or Maltese language.
Malto
Paharia
माल्टो (पहाड़िया), মাল্টো (পাহাড়িয়া)
Native toIndia and Bangladesh
RegionJharkhand; West Bengal; Bihar; Odisha
EthnicityMalto; Sauria Paharia
Native speakers
159,215 (2011 census)[1]
Dialects
  • Kumarbhag Paharia, Sauria Paharia
Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
kmj – Kumarbhag Paharia
mjt – Sauria Paharia
Glottologmalt1248
ELPSauria Paharia

Malto /ˈmæltoʊ/ MAL-toh[2] or Paharia /pəˈhɑːriə/ pə-HAR-ee-ə,[3] or rarely Rajmahali,[4] is a Northern Dravidian language spoken primarily in East India by the Malto people.

Varieties

There are two varieties of Malto that are sometimes regarded as separate languages, Kumarbhag Paharia (Devanagari: कुमारभाग पहाड़िया) and Sauria Paharia (Devanagari: सौरिया पहाड़िया). The former is spoken in the Jharkhand and West Bengal states of India, and tiny pockets of Odisha state,[5] and the latter in the West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Bihar states of India.[6] The lexical similarity between the two is estimated to be 80%.

Mal Paharia language may have a Malto-based substrate.[7]

The 2001 census found 224,926 speakers of Malto, of which 83,050 were labelled as speaking Pahariya, and 141,876 spoke other mother tongues (dialects).[8]

Phonology

Malto has a typical Dravidian vowel system of 10 vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/ and their lengthened forms. Malto also does not have any vowel clusters or diphthongs.[9]

Consonants
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n̪ ɲ ŋ
Stop voiceless p t̪ ʈ c k q
voiced b d̪ ɖ ɟ g
Fricative ð s ʁ h
Approximant l
Rhotic r ɽ
  • The cluster /ŋʁ/ is pronounced [ɴɢ].[10]
  • Southern and western dialects have /ʔ/ instead of /q/ and /h/ instead of /ʁ/ and /ŋʁ/. Coda /ð/ is an allophone of /d̪/.[10]

Grammar

The general grammar of the language is not dissimilar from that of the surrounding communities. One interesting aspect of their culture influencing the syntax of the language is present in its assignment of gender to nouns.

Gender

The gender of words in the Malto language is classified as either being masculine, feminine, or neutral. The masculine form is present when denoting anything related to man or vicious deities. Likewise the feminine form is present for nouns denoting women, the Supreme Being, and minor deities. Although the colloquial term for father 'abba' is a traditionally feminine noun, it is meant to show respect. Coupled with the Supreme Being also being feminine, the respect for the women of the community is evident through their grammar. Otherwise nouns are referred to with neutral gender, which by far makes it the most popular form.

Writing system

Seeing as how the literacy rates amongst the Malto people is very low, it makes sense that the language is not a traditionally written language. When the language had first been memorialized in writing (by Ernest Droese in 1884) it shared the Devanagari writing system as with many languages in India. The written portion of the language being supplemented much later on in its life, gives the effect of Malto remaining authentic through the dialogue of their culture.

References

  1. ^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2018-07-05.
  2. ^ "Malto". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  3. ^ "Paharia". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  4. ^ "Rajmahali". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  5. ^ Kumarbhag Paharia at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  6. ^ Sauria Paharia at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  7. ^ Masica, Colin P. (1993), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge University Press, pp. 26–27, ISBN 0521299446
  8. ^ "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues". Census of India. 2001.
  9. ^ Steever, Sanford B. (2015). The Dravidian Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-91164-4.
  10. ^ a b Kobayashi (2017), p. 39.

Bibliography